Shapers of Destiny (British History) notes 3rd sem

 

🔵Ist Module

🔥 𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙞𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙨𝙚𝙩 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙞𝙡𝙫𝙚𝙧 𝙨𝙚𝙖

It was William Shakespeare who called his land like this.

🔥 𝙄𝙣𝙝𝙖𝙗𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝘽𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙣 𝙙𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙤𝙡𝙙 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙣𝙚𝙬 𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙖𝙜𝙚

By about 3000 BC the first human inhabitants reached the British islands.

💥They were short, black-haired, dark-skinned, and oval-faced. They have a narrow skulls.

💥They lead a nomadic life on the islands.

💥They hunted animals for having food

💥They know about the animal farming

💥 They wove rough clothes and ornaments.

💥They made pots

🔥𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙄𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙨

The people who came from the Iberian peninsula (the place where the modern countries of Spain and Portugal were situated) are called the Iberians. They arrived in Britain in between the Metal age. Originally they were the people of Africa but they traveled through Iberia and reached the British Islands

💥They arrived on the islands in 2000 BC

💥They are also black people like the old and new stone age inhabitants

💥They were very skilled in weaving

💥They have much better political organization compared to the old and new-age inhabitants

💥They were the people who build Stonehenge. This shows their engineering skills(Stonehenge was a pagan temple built for worshipping Sun build in between BC 1800 to 1400)

💥They were aware of the rich copper and tin sources in the British Islands

💥They have trade relationships with ancient Egyptian kingdoms

💥They settled in the Chalk hills because the meadows of the Chalk hills were very suitable for feeding sheep and cattle

🔥𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘾𝙚𝙡𝙩𝙨

The Celts were the people who occupied modern-day Germany and Netthe her lands in those times. The new inhabitants captured the places developed by the Iberians. Later they enslaved the Iberians on the islands. Some of the Iberians fled to the remote regions of the land. The first Celtic invaders belong to the Gaelic tribe and the second group of invaders belongs to the Brythons. Unlike the Goidelic (Gaelic) people Brythons invaded the island with a large group of people. The Brythons were called Britons later. The name Britain was coined from this tribal name.

💥Celts invaded Britain in 600 BC

💥They settled in the fertile land of Kent

💥They have iron weapons which replaced the bronze weapons. This gives an upper hand to them in the battles

💥They know about agriculture and cultivated crops but they were attracted to nomadic life

💥They were skilled in craftwork

💥Merchants from the Mediterranean region constantly visited the British islands in this period

💥Their most practiced religion is Druidism (A polytheistic religion in Europe before the Arrival of Christianity. They believed in the divinity of all things)

 💥They believed in goblins, Elves, fairies, etc

🔥𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙍𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙨

💥 The Roman empire was a significant power that was raised in the sky of the Mediterranean region in those times. The imperial roman army is far superior to any other armies in that region. This became the reason for their territorial expansion. After conquering Gaul Julius Caesar decided to conquer the British islands. Because it was rich in metal deposits.He leads a naval expedition to the islands in BC 55. But he underestimated the power of Celtic warriors so he was forced to retreat. But he was not ready to give up. He leads another expedition to the islands in the very next year. It was larger when compared with the old one. But unfortunately, he returned to Rome by some developments. After his return to Rome, he was assassinated in a very heinous manner. In AD 43 Emperor Claudius Caesar ordered to conquer Britain. The Roman legions landed on the unprotected southern shores of the islands and easily established their supremacy

              Britons don’t have any opposition to accepting the Roman emperor as their emperor. Because they became more Roman than Briton through the trade relationship with Rome. But in the northern and western regions, they were not ready to accept roman supremacy. And the roman legions faced some difficulties in conquering the high-terrain areas. But slowly they advanced and destroyed what they see in their ways. In AD 60 they conquered the island of Anglesey and slaughtered the Druid priests

💥𝙌𝙪𝙚𝙚𝙣 𝘽𝙤𝙪𝙙𝙞𝙘𝙘𝙖

Queen Boudicca was the queen of a Celtic tribe named Iceni. They revolted against the roman legions. But the roman legions submerged this revolt with iron fist. Roman soldiers raped her daughters and she was flogged by the soldiers. Romans massacred the romanized Britons and the tribe of Iceni as revenge and finally, Queen Boudicca and her daughters committed suicide.

💥After the resistance of the Iceni tribe Romans didn’t face any other troubles in the islands. They made many infrastructure developments in Britain. Military roads and forts etc. But they can’t submerge the Welsh, Picts, and Scotts so as per the order from emperor Hadrian the Romans built a wall named Hadrian’s wall in 123 AD from Solway to River Tyne. Governor Agricola ordered the building of a line of forts between Glasgow and Edinburgh. This line is known as Antoine’s Wall. Romans built many theatres, towns, public baths, and temples in the region. The rich villas and marvelous roads were wonders to the Britons and Anglo-Saxons.

💥The Roman occupation of Britain bring peace to the island. Different Celtic tribes accepted Rome as their master this was called Pax Romana. The Roman rule in the region helps Britons to transform their buildings according to Roman culture. Britons built their villas like Roman villas. In Roman Britain, the only trained people for fighting were soldiers, not the common people. This left the Celts defenseless after the withdrawal of the Roman legions. The Roman roads were the most significant development that the Romans bought to the island. Romans connected each Nook and Corner with the help of well-planned roads. This helps the rulers to access the island as a whole. Romans implied the self-ruling system in several cities such as St. Albans, Lincoln, and York.

💥𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘾𝙝𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝙍𝙤𝙢𝙚

Christianity was founded and developed in the Roman empire. Lord Jesus Christ was born in the Roman province of Judea. And he was crucified according to the order from the Roman governor Pontius Pilate. So the Roman Soldiers who witnessed these incidents might have accepted Christianity. But at this point, Christianity was facing great persecution in the Roman empire. But the number of Christians grew up. Some Roman historians also speak about the British Christians in the second century. It is enough proof of the arrival of Christianity in the British Islands in the second century. In the fourth century emperor, Diocletian implied horrible persecution of Christians. There are three martyrs among the British Christians at those times Alban of Verlum, Julius, and Aaron of Caerleon. But the situation completely Changed after emperor Constantine The Great gets the throne. His mother St. Helena discovered the true Cross that Jesus was nailed in Jerusalem. In AD 313 Emperor Constantine ended the persecution of Christianity and legalized it. In AD 380 emperor Theodosius declared Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire

💥Relationship Between Rome and Britain

The Romans implied their language, customs, and traditions in Britain. The Latin language makes influenced the place names in Britain. But after the Withdrawal of legions, Britain returned to its pre-Roman culture.

💥The Roman government become weak in the last days of the fourth century. Rulers become despots. So the people became immoral and pampered. Their discipline became the story of the past. This motivated the submerged tribes to rebel. The tribes of Vandals, Goths, Franks, Angles, Saxons, and Jutes conquered several parts of the Roman empire. In AD 410 a huge Gothic army attacked Rome and captured it. This leads to the Withdrawal of the Roman legions. The Withdrawal of Roman legions encouraged the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Danes to attack Britain. Sc Scott’sreaktsbreaks Hadrian’s wall and looted several parts of the island. In AD 429 Britons raised their arms for their motherland under the leadership of a Welsh Bishop St. Germanus. Britons won a victory called Halleluia victory but they can’t hold for long so a British chief named Vortigern asked the help of Jute warriors named Hengist and Horsa to beat down the Picts and Scots. This opened a door for the Anglo-Saxon tribes to invade the British islands

🔥 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘼𝙣𝙜𝙡𝙤 𝙎𝙖𝙭𝙤𝙣𝙨

💥 After the withdrawal of the Roman legionaries British islands sunk into anarchy this was considered as the punishment of God in the writings of two monks named Gildas and Nennius. There are mentions of this period in the Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation and In the Anglo-Saxon chronicles. The mentions in these two books have strong archeological evidence.

💥The two warriors named Hengist and Horsa came to the British Islands in response to the call of the British king Vortigern. But the two warriors came to settle on English soil after the battle not return to their cold land. In the next battle, Vortigern was killed and Hengist became the new king. Their relatives and dependents came to England and they selected Kent as their homeland.

💥The next invaders were the Saxons. They came in AD 477. They came in three ships with their leader Aella. The local resistance was nothing in front of the wildish war tactics of the Saxons. The early inhabitants pushed upward to the mountains. They built three Kingdoms in the region Essex, Sussex, and Middlesex

💥The other important tribe that invaded Britain is the Angles. They came from Denmark, north Germany, and Holland they also established three kingdoms Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia Angles have more demographic strength when compared to other tribes so Britain called as England – the land of Angles in the next centuries.

💥Sometimes The Celts defended and prevented the Anglo-Saxon invasion successfully. Some good and efficient leaders like Ambrosius Aurelius were rad in the Celtic tribes. Some historians describe the mythical king Arthur as the defender of Celts and Britain from the Anglo-Saxons. From the AD 500s, the Celtic defense became weak and slowly the Saxons became the masters of the land. By the 7th century, they became the rulers of the land. Some Britons fled to France and established their kingdom on French soil. This is known as Armorica and was later renamed as Brittany

💥 The self-exiled Britons retreated into Wales and starts living with their brothers who were formerly exiled to the land for escaping from Roman rule. They called themselves Cymry which means Comrades. Later this place becomes to known as Cambria. The Cymry were united by their faith in Christianity. Britons have their language at the time of Anglo Saxon invasion. The Celts protected their language and culture in between these threats. They considered nature as their mother. This concept influenced their literature also

💥 The Anglo-Saxon invasion wipes out the Celtic elements from the islands .only a few place names are left after their cultural invasion. Most of the Britons were either killed or enslaved by Anglo-Saxons. The Roman roads were the only remains of the Roman occupation of the islands after the Anglo-Saxon invasion. The wholesale destruction of Roman cities was common in those days. Most of the Christian Churches were destroyed and Anglo-Saxons continued their pagan religion.

💥 Anglo Saxons were not a bloodthirsty people. Once they conquered a place they will settle down there. After they settle down in a land they will submit themselves to their rulers. The Anglo-Saxon people were the true forefathers of the English people

🔥 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘼𝙣𝙜𝙡𝙤 𝙎𝙖𝙭𝙤𝙣 𝙆𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙙𝙤𝙢𝙨

The anglo saxon settlements in Britain finally formed as seven kingdoms pr heptarchy. Essex, Sussex and Wessex were Saxon kingdoms. Northumbria,Mercia and East Angela were the kingdoms of Angles and Kent was the kingdom of Jutes.

💥𝙆𝙚𝙣𝙩

The first powerful Anglo Saxon kingdom in England was Kent. The Kentish king 𝘼𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙡𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙩.He was far more superior than other kings in England. The important event happened in the Kentish kingdom is the official arrival of Christianity by the coming of St. Augustine and his group of monks. The Kentish kingdom was declined after the death of Athelbert

💥 𝙉𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙗𝙧𝙞𝙖

The Supremacy of Northumbria was far more longer and effective than the Kentish reign in the region. The first powerful king in Northumbria was 𝙀𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙡𝙛𝙞𝙧𝙩. He successfully defended his kingdom from Scottish attacks. The next important king was 𝙀𝙙𝙬𝙞𝙣 he was remembered by his conversation to Christianity. Christianity was flourished under his reign in England. The synod of Whitby which conducted for uniting the English Christians under pope was held in this period. This united the Celtic and Saxon Christians. Literature was also flourished under his reign. Venerable bide the first English historian and Caedmon the first English poet was lived in this period.

💥 𝙈𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙞𝙖

 The 8th century witnessed the downfall of Northumbria and the rise on Mercia . Mercia was also a Christian kingdom. The reign of 𝙀𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙡𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙩 and King 𝙊𝙛𝙛𝙖 was the significant political scenario happened in the history of Mercia. King Offa was a ruthless warrior. He submerged the Welsh. But he can’t completely conquer them but he drove them back to River Wye. To prevent their future attacks he built a ditch in that 130 miles long from the mouth of River Wye to the mouth of River Dee . The death of king Offa ended the Mercian supremacy in the region.

💥 𝙒𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙭

The domination of Mercia was ended by the battle of Ellandune in 825 fought by Wessex and Mercia. Mercia and her vassal kingdoms surrendered to Wessex and the Saxon king 𝙀𝙜𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙩 became the sole ruler of the British islands. This helps Wessex to became the chief kingdom in the heparchy. The wars between the anglo saxon kingdoms ended by the Danish threat. The Danes starts constantly attacking the islands. Wessex was the only country that have power to stop them. In 836 AD king Egbert gave a significant hit to the danes his successor Alfred defeated the Danes. The defensive measures that taken by king Alfred leads to the unification of the hierarchy.

🔥 The official arrival of Christianity

💥 Christianity reached the British islands by the end of the Third century. The British Church have its own saints and martyrs such as Alban of Verulam, Aaron and Julius of Caerleon. But unfortunately the Anglo-Saxons were pagans and they wipe out the early Christian monuments and the believers were killed. But the Celtic church flourished in Ireland and they also have their own saints like St.Patrick.

💥St. Patrick was a Roman Briton. He was captured by the pirates became an irish slave for six years. Later he went to Gaul and became a priest. After becoming a priest he decided to bring Christianity into Ireland. He also encouraged people to study Latin language and literature. He established the monastery of Armagh and became a bishop. He wanted to conjoin the Irish church and the Holy See. But it was not happened. The Irish priests are also good missionaries. They spread the gospel of Christ in Europe as well as in England. One of the important missionary who went to England was St.Columba

💥St.Columba was established a monestry in the west coast of Scotland in 550AD. The monestry played a significant role in the conversion of Picts. The simple life of the monks were able to attract people to the Christian faith.

💥 The fall of the Roman empire scattered Christianity in Europe. It became disunited and weak. Christianity was revived by the constant attempts of the monks especially by St.Benedict He was the person who formulated the system of descipline which became the foundation of the monastic life and practiced till now. Manual work, study and prayer became compulsory with the monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience these changes helps the monasteries to become productive, independent and self sufficient.

💥 Pope Gregory The Great

He was born in AD 540 in a wealthy noble Roman family. He converted all his possessions except his house into a monastery which dedicated to St.Andrews.He saw some Angles in the slave market in Rome. He decided to transform that Angles as Angels by preaching the Holy Word of God to them. After he becoming Pope he unified the Christians in Europe under Holy See.By doing this he reinforced Papacy and began to known as the founder of the Powerful Papacy.He sent a group of monks under the leadership of St. Augustine in AD 597. This is considered as the official arrival of Christianity.King Ethelbert welcomed the group of missionaries and allow them to settle in Canterbury. They repaired an old church of St. Martin which was sacked by the Anglo Saxons. The saintly lifestyle of the monks attracted meny people into Christianity Kent became fully Christian after sometime. The Pope appointed St. Augustine as the first bishop of Canterbury.

💥 Ethelburga the daughter of Ethelbert of Kent was married to Edwin of Northumbria. She brought Paulinus a Roman monk with her to Northumbria. Soon the king of Northumbria was accepted Christianity and Christianity flourished in England in the next 8 years. But after the death of Edwin the power was dominated by Mercia and the Mercian king Penda was a pagan. Once again Christianity was disappeared from England and appear again in the time of king Oswald. But Oswald was killed by Penda but fortunately he was killed by the brother of Oswald named Oswy. By the seventh century England become fully Christianized.

💥Synod of Whitby

King Oswy summoned a synod in whitby. It was summoned for unifying the Roman and Celtic Christians under the Authority of Pope. Some people argued for unification and some opposed it. This puts king in vigour. But he decided to unify the church under the Holy See and it was continued until the coming of Henry VIII

💥Theodore of Tarsus

In AD 668 the Pope sent Theodore of tarsus to organize the Church of England. He was an old man over sixty years old. He became the Archbishop of Canterbury for the next 20 years. He divided the Archdiocese of Canterbury into fifteen dioceses each under a bishop. Under each diocese there are several parishes and priests. The expenses of the parish were managed by tithes ( A person should give his one tenth income to the parish). The romanization of the English church were fulfilled under Theodore of tarsus. The establishment of these systems helps the church to being united under the Pope

💥 He also established several seminaries. It helped the young people to became priests. The changes brought by Theodore of Tarsus helps the rural England to took on the shape that it still keeps. Later the feudal system was emerged by imitating the system of Church governing. The division in social strata was also influenced by the system of church governing. The Anglo Saxon people were slowly became cultured and refined by the constant contact with the Christian faith.

💥The arrival of Christianity fostered the growth and development of art and literature. The monasteries became the storehouse of knowledge. The art and literature of the English nation was stored and preserved in the monasteries. The Christian England produced meny scholars and writers like Venerable Bede. The unity in church also leads to the political unity. This leads to the unification of the kingdom and the king Athelstan was crowned as the king of united England by the Archbishop of Canterbury. This custom is continued till now.

🔥Coming Of Danes

💥The first mentions about the Danish invasion is to be found in the Anglo Saxon Chronicles. The Danes were also known as Vikings because the came from the wicks or creeks of the Scandinavia. They crossed the seas and established several settlements in Iceland,Greenland and Labrador. They settled in the coast of Ireland and founded the cities of Dublin, Wexford etc. They came to England to loot the monasteries and churches and kill the monks and ordinary people. They burnt down the abbeys of St. Columba and st. Patrick.

💥The more serious attacks were started in the year 851. The Danes attacked the masters of Northumbria and Mercia and killed the king Edmund of East Anglea. Then they marched to Wessex but they were defeated by King Ethelred at Ashdown. After his death the kingdom was transferred into the hands of his brother Alfred.

💥King Alfred was a scholar by choice and the kingship was unexpectedly thrust upon him. He decided to defeat the Danes but the Danes captured Wareham in AD 876 and after two years the Danes defeated his army in January. King Alfred and a few of his followers were escaped and exiled into Somerset. In AD 878 he made an army with the energetic and courageous men and they got a glorious victory in the battle of Ethandune and the peace was made by the treaty of Wedmore in AD 878

💥According to the treaty of Wedmore the whole England was divided between the Danes and the Saxons. The north and east of Watling Street went to the Danes and came to called as Danelaw. According to the treaty the Danes settled down as good householders and they also became good Christians. Their bloodthirsty nature came to an end and they spent their energy in agriculture and allied occupations.

💥 In the next battle king Alfred conquered London which became the capital of the Saxondom. He built walls and fortifications to protect the city and this helps the city to prevent any future attacks. The rest of his reign was peaceful

💥The first English navy was built by the hands of king Alfred and it helps the kingdom to protect its coastlines. The navy was a permanent armed force of the nation and its not like the bands of men which brought together for war. His army was always waiting for the call and ready to defend the kingdom in anytime. The garrisons established throughout the land. Army was self sufficient and they cultivate the food grains for them by themselves this was done in a rotational pattern. Army was administrated by an officer in each shires ( Shires was the smallest unit in a county)

💥 After establishing peace in the country king Alfred starts the restoration of monasteries which were burnt down by the Danes. He encouraged the making of English prose. He also interested in Science. He was an educationist also. He found a Monastery in Athelney and he wished to make it like the abbey at Dublin which was the store house of knowledge. He brought monks from abroad to settle in Athelney hoping that they will grow in spiritual purity and intellectual brilliance but the monks shows more interest in their physical comfort rather than their spiritual welfare.

💥 He founded the first public schools in England for teaching the sons of noblemen. He followed the Christian concept of law which says that the justice should be tempered with mercy

💥King Alfred was passed away in AD 900 at the age of fifty two. His reign helps England to be back in the road of culture

🔥Alfred’s Successors

💥 King Alfred’s son Edward continued the conquest of Danelaw. He pushed northward and eastward and conquered the Danes living there. Finally the southern part of the Humber River cames under the Saxon control. It was continued by the Athelstan the son of Edward. The last stronghold of the Danes were the Northumbria and finally it also fell.The sons of king Edward not live long and so one succeeded the next until only the youngest Edgar was left. The reign of Edgar was happened in the end of the golden age of the Saxons

💥The culture and civilization prospered in his reign and the peace was flourished so he began to Known as Edgar the peaceful. He ruled the United England for sixteen years.

🔥St.Dunstan

St. Dunstan was the chief advisor and close friend of the king Edgar. He was born in wealthy family. But he is not interested in the physical comfort so he joined in the monastery at Glastonbury as a student. The rich storage of manuscripts which collected by the Irish monks are there. He was called back to the court by King Edward after he became a monk. At court he met his lifelong friend Edgar. He became the Abbot of Glastonbury at the age of twenty five ( The superior person in the monastery for men is called as abbot). He became the bishop of Worcester and then of London. In AD 960 he became the Canterbury archbishop and held that position of next thirty years. Slowly he became the first clerical statesman Of medieval England. He introduced and enforced the rule of St.Benedict in all the monasteries in England. The monasteries reconquered the previous position that they have before the Danish invasion. And once again became the citadels of knowledge.

💥After the death of king Edgar England once again fell into anarchy. King Ethelred seated in the throne of England for the next thirty eight years

🔥 Ethelred the Unready

💥 The second Danish invasion was happened during the reign of King Ethelred the unready. As before the Danish pirates began to raid the different parts of England. A strong king can prevent them but unfortunately Ethelred was not like that. He and his advisers decided to pay tribute to them. But the Danes considered each payment as the invitation for the next raids. Six times this tribute was paid and the king find the money by implying a tax named Danegeld. London became the only stronghold of the English people because it was protected by the walls and forts that built by King Alfred.

💥The most foolish decision of the king was the massacre of danes who were settled in Wessex. It was happened on the feast day of St. Brice in 1002. This provoked the Danish king named Sweyn and he launched a massive operation against England.

💥King Ethelred fled from England 1013 and sought refuge in Normandy, the home of his wife Emma the daughter of the duke of Normandy.

💥England was submitted to the Danish king and the son of King Sweyn Canute ruled England

💥Edmund the son of Ethelred fought against Canute but he defeated. Canute ascended to the throne of England in 1016 after the death of Ethelred and his son

🔥Canute the Danish king

💥The reign of Canute was the last period of stable government in England before the Norman Conquest. He was the ruler of England as well as Denmark and Norway. It was known as the ‘North sea empire’ in history. He was not only a conqueror but also a diplomat. He married Emma the widow of Ethelred. This helps him to get the support of the English people

💥He appointed deputies to manage the kingdom in his absence. Thus he grouped the Anglo Saxon shires into blocks under an earl. This earls have the power to rule over their blocks

💥There are three earls rose into prominence in the later English history. Godwin the earl of Wessex , Leofric the earl of Mercia and siward the earl of Northumbria. The name of siward was mentioned in the famous play Macbeth which written by William Shakespeare. Canute didn’t replaced the local Anglo Saxon rulers with his own men.

💥He confirmed the policy of King Edgar which instruct the Danes and Saxons to follow their own special laws. He became a patron of various monasteries which flourished as the centers of scholarship. He was a well loved ruler by his subjects. Saxons and Danes loves him equally.

💥He disbanded the Danish army and kept a small group of soldiers as his personal guards. The short reign of Canute was deeply appreciated by his subjects some of them considered him as a demi god! He passed away in AD 1035 and leave England without a king. His three sons divided his kingdom but in AD 1042. The witangemot council proclaimed Edward the youngest son of Ethelred as the king of England. Danes also agree with it because his mother Emma was the widow of Canute.

🔥Edward the confessor

💥 Edward the confessor was spent his childhood in Normandy so he became a person in English by blood and a person in Norman in his language, relationships etc. The throne of England was given to him in 1042. The duke of Normandy was the ruler of Normandy but he was only a subservient of the French Crown.

💥Earlier the Normans were a race of men with warlike spirit but after their conversion to Christianity they used this energy to convert people into the Christian faith.

💥He bring his Norman friends into England and he brought a large number of courtiers who were Normans. This leads to the rivalry between Normans and Saxons at the court and this rivalry was encouraged by the leaders of both parties.

💥Earl Godwin tried to stabilize his power by marrying his daughter Edith off to King But the relationship between King and his father in law was not a good one. In AD 1051 the count of Bologne came to England on a short visit. On his return to France the citizens of Dover misbehaved to him. This leads to a conflict and finally king ordered to Earl Godwin to punish the people and he refused it. Because he was more stronger than the king

💥This incident is enough to leads the problems into a civil war. King and the Earls of Mercia and Northumbria decided to fought together against Earl Godwin but Earl Godwin surrendered and the clouds of civil war left England. King forgave the mistake of Earl Godwin but he order him to exile with his whole family and he used this opportunity to send Edith to a convent of Wiltshire.

💥After the exile of Earl Godwin Edward enjoyed his kingship. He enriched his Norman friends with rich gifts of land, money and titles. The archbishop of Canterbury was his good friend

💥Westminster Abbey the most important church in England was built during his reign

💥He was more interested in spiritual matters rather than temporal affairs so he called as Edward the confessor. The Norman atmosphere created in England by the king attracted Normans to England. The most important visitor of the king was William the Duke of Normandy. King was attracted to him and declared that the throne of England will be given to him after Edward if he had no children.

💥 The clouds of war again appeared in the sky of England in the face Earl Godwin. He raised Flemish army and arrived England in 1052. His son Harold came with an Irish army and he also obtained the support of Kent. But king Edward avoid war by appointing Earl Godwin in his previous position. Unfortunately Earl Godwin died in the very next year and his position was given to his eldest son Harold.

💥The enemies of England were slowly raised their heads. Welsh and Norman people were getting ready to attack England. It was Harold Godwins duty to put down these threats and he first put down the Welsh threat in 1062.But unfortunately his ship was wrecked in the coast of Normandy while he returning to England after a visit through Europe. He was captured by William the Duke of Normandy. He used this opportunity to ensure his claims towards the English throne.

💥In January 1066 king breathed his last and the Witangemot council declared Harold Godwin as the next king of England. It was accepted by all except William the Duke of Normandy. Thus William and his men raised their arms and arrived in England on September 28 1066 with the blessings of the Pope. But the English army was fighting an another war in the Northern England against the Invading Vikings. So they didn’t get enough time to prepare to fight against the Norman army.

💥The Battle of Hastings began in October 1066 with all advantage on the side of Normans.But the Norman army was far more superior than the English army but the Englishmen fight till the end. The faithful soldiers of King Harold formed a human wall to protect him but he was killed by an arrow and the Norman army conquered England.

🔥The Anglo Saxon society

💥The anglo saxon people lived as a group of families. It was the first form of English village. The most of the island was unclaimed forests in that that period of time. The early villages was established by clearing these forests. The cultivatable land was divided into as three in each villages. One of these was used for cultivating barley, another for rye and the third was left fallow.The cultivation was not for profit but for feeding their own family.

💥The Anglo Saxon villages slowly evolved as hundreds which may mean as the area which occupied by a hundred families or it may mean an area consisting of a hundred hides each area hide being a holding of 120 acres the minimum land owned by an Anglo Saxon family.

💥 Later the hundreds evolved as shires. Shires was the first forms of local government even today. After the Danish invasion the whole county was divided as shires and it was given to an Earl. Sometimes earls became more powerful than the crown itself.

💥 The village was governed by the chief family. Hundred was governed by the local men of noble birth from each village. They met as a Court of Justice once in a month. The shire was under the care of an officer the shire reeve who was specially appointed by the King. He was appointed for as the administrator of justice and to collect taxes from the people.

💥shire reeve of sheriff held a court named shire moot twice in a year. People those are not satisfied with the verdict of the court justice can appeal to the Shire moot.

💥 Witangemote

Witangemote was only an advisory body. It was the council of wise men. The witan represented the people of England so the kings decisions according to the instructions of the witan will be more acceptable by the people of England. King can nominate anyone into the witan according to his will. Witangemote have the power to name the successor of the ruling king.

💥 In the earlier times the Anglo Saxon people follows the law system of Moses which believed in the principle of an eye for eye, a tooth for tooth and life for life. The two earliest law codes were codified by King Ethelbert of Kent and King Ine of Wessex. According to these laws crimes were punished in three ways. Fine, Blood feuds and by autlawry. Every man has his own price or wergeld (wer means man and geld means gold) this was paid by the criminal. And the price will increase according to the position of the man in the society.

💥The King and royal family ws the most important persons in the society. Rest of the people were divided into three classes. Earls who were the first one.They holds the ownership of large estates and they will have a noble background. Secondly the ceorls came. They were the group of freemen and owners of small holdings. The third group was known as theowas who were slaves. There is an another group called as thegns it was a honour given by king to the people those who were strong, able and brave. A thegn should be loyal to the King and to the country.

🔥 Anglo Saxon Literature

💥 Anglo Saxon literature refer to the works produced in England upto the Norman Conquest. Anglo Saxons were men who interested in Music. After the heavy jobs like hunting fighting etc they relaxed and spent their time with their minstrels to hear music. Every noble family had a minstrel with them

💥 The Old English have its own alphabets but the Anglo Saxons were not confident in written verse. After the Conversion of Anglo Saxons into Christianity the Christian elements slowly came into the poetry by the monks

💥Beowulf is the finest Anglo Saxon work that have been preserved till this day. It was discovered in 18th century in a manuscript written probably in the 11th Century. Just like the Arthurian Legend Beowulf is also talking about a warrior named Beowulf. According to the epic he was an adventure, a slayer of monsters and upholder of good over evil. Beowulf killed a monster named Grendel and hia mother and saved the kingdom of King Hrothgar. Finally he dies poisoned by the flames that cone from the mouth of a dragon whom he had killed. The Christianized form of story explaining Beowulf as a soldier of Christ and Describing Grendel as satan

💥The two other poems of time are Widsith, and The Complaint of Deor Widsith was a travelogue where the minstrel describes his travels to various manors and the people and life in each. The Complaint of Deor is the complaint of a minstrel named Deor. His complaint is against another minstrel who usurped his position as the favourite of the Lord. Finally he resigns from his current position.

💥 This poem is lyrical in form and therefore it is considered as the first Old English Lyric

💥Next important contribution by the Anglo Saxons were The Charms. It was sung by the Saxon peasant when he travelled or worked in the fields. These songs also written in pagan background.

💥Caedmon

Caedmon was the first native maker of English verse. He was an uneducated young peasent who was the cowherd of the monastery of St. Hilda near Whitby. According to the Legend a Divine one commands him to sing and he obtained the poetic skills. The songs that Caedmon sang were biblical stories. And these verse written in 670 AD and can be said to be the first religious poem written in old English

💥 Cynewulf

Cynewulf is a person lived in Northumbria in 8th century. He lived a carefree life but later he repented of his actions. He devoted himself to composing poetry which was deeply spiritual in tone and content. Several narrative poems are ascribed to Cynewulf of which the most important is Elene. This poem describes the fate of the cross which christ was crucified as described in a dream. He wrote some riddles also. He is known for his passion, joy and confidence which he expressed through his works.

💥 Venerable Bede

The most important work produced in the Old English Period was the ecclesiastical history of the English people. It was written by Venerable Bede. This book is considered as the major source which sheds light into the early history of the English Nation. He wrote this book in an impartial way. Later King Alfred translated the works of Venerable Bede from Latin to English.

💥 Anglo Saxon Chronicle

The Anglo Saxon Chronicle is considered as the first and most reliable document on the history and social conditions of England. The first part of Anglo Saxon Chronicle draws upon Venerable bede for reliable information and the second part part draws upon the west saxon Chronicle for details of Alfred’s brush with the Danes. It was cept in several monasteries until the Norman Conquest.

💥The two other important writers in the Anglo Saxon period was Aelfric and Wulfstan the archbishop of York Aelfric produced various sermons in old English and Archbishop Wulfstan produced a number of political and legal writings.

🔵2nd Module

🔥 William The Conqueror

💥 After the battle of hastings William the conqueror became the sole ruler of England. His coronation was held on the next Christmas day. Saxon lords accepted him as their new king but some of them revolted against the king in 1067. Two saxon earls named Edwin and Morcar was the leaders of the revolt. The revolt was put down and King forgave the mistake of his two earls.

💥 After hand overing the rule to a joint council of loyal normans and able saxons king returned to Normandy. But the rule of joint council was a failure. People are not satisfied with the heavy taxes which imposed by the council. There was an another plot to dethrone was running in the background but once again king forgave to the miscreants and pay a good sum of money to the Danish army which came to support the rebels.

💥 William and his men marched northward to the main centre of the saxon rebellion and they destroyed everything which they see in their way. This incident was called as Harrying of the north . The rebellion was died down instantly but Hereward and his men continued fighting. But Normans conquered his home town Isle of Ely in 1072.

💥William the Conqueror was a brave soldier, capable general and a wonderful tactician. He was a cleaver statesman also

💥Oath Of Salisbury

💥The feudal system in Europe sometimes gave birth to some noble men who were able be a threat to the Crown. William I realised this threat and he find a way to prevent this danger. He divided the earldoms of England into smaller areas of land and bestowed them upon Norman Knights and noblemen. A dukedom will be much smaller than an earldom and they cant raise the power as much as able to question the king. In addition he also made all the men of England who owned land swear an oath of loyalty to him. This oath is called as Oath of Salisbury it ensured that every Knight should be loyal not only to their feudal overlord but to the king himself.

💥William the Conqueror was also a master builder he built meny castles in Norman style and each of them are protected by moats and other defence mechanisms

🔥The Domesday Book

💥 In 1086 William I gave orders to begin a survey of the resources of England. It was held for collecting the details of the properties and resources owned by his subjects. Each and every properties of his were collected and inscribed. It helped the king to collect proper revenues from the Kingdom

💥The Domesday book is considered as the prototype of modern day census

💥Another source of Income was Dangeld. The tax levied from people for paying tribute to Danes. But now the Danes were not a threat but the tax still continued

💥The king gained the support of Archbishop Lanfranc who was appointed by the Pope as his deputy in England

💥Archbishop Lanfranc decided to reform the Church because it was too un organized in those days. He saw the Archbishop of York as the second in power and to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In those times the Cathedrals of each dioceses were the centers of Communication.

💥 The English priests in those times leads a family life also. But the Archbishop prohibited this custom and ordered that the persons who became the new priests should be lead a life without family and they are not allowed to get married.

💥 Archbishop Lanfric worked closely with the king therefore the king decided to give autonomy to the church. In 1072 William ordered that the cases against the clergy should be trialed in the court of the bishop according to the Canon Law

🔥Henry I of England

💥 William the Conqueror had three sons. Robert, William Rufus and Henry. After his death Normandy was given to Robert and England was given to William Rufus. William Rufus was an ambitious and cruel man. After the death of Archbishop Lanfric he decided to use the wealth of Canterbury diocese as his own. But he was frightened by a sudden illness so he appoint Bishop Anselm as the Archbishop of Canterbury. Archbishop Anselm reproved him for his behavior. In fear of life he left England for Rome and in 1100 William Rufus died and Henry became the new king of England in 1100 AD.

💥 The very first act of the king was issuing a charter in which he promised to keep peace in the land. He married Matilda the daughter of Scottish king Malcom III. This marriage alliance is considered as the union of Saxon and Norman blood

💥During the first years of his reign he faced a rebellion which leads by Norman barons with the support of his own brother. But the people of England firmly stand with the king. The rebellion was put down by the king and he attacked the castle of Robert Belleme the baron who led the rebellion. In 1106 Henry attacked Normandy and Robert was killed (The son of William I and the Brother of the English king. Not Robert Belleme) and Normandy also came under the direct rule of the English Crown

💥 The king recalled Bishop Anselm from exile but they could not see eye to eye because Bishop Anselm was loyal to the Holy See. The Pope believed that the lowest member of the clergy was higher than the highest layman ( The person who is not apart of the clergy)

💥 King argued that the bishops who holds the vast portions of land should pay homage to the King but Bishop Anselm was not ready to accept it so he had once again go to exile. In 1106 a compromise was reached according to which the bishops were to be elected by the Cathedral clergy and invested with the symbols of office by the Pope or his deputy but for their lands they should pay homage to the king

💥 Unlike William Rufus Henry appointed a chief council. It was called as the Great Council or Magna Councilium. It contains the great lords of the land both secular and spiritual. It met wherever the king was present.

💥In those days there are some other important person also were in the administration of the nation. Prime minister or Justiciar, Chancellor who was also the secretary of the king, Chamberlain the head of kings household, Marshal and constable who represented the Armed forces.

💥An another practice which brought by Henry was the Travelling Judges. These Judges traveled from one place to another to listening the grievances of the people. And they are assisted by a group of respectful persons who belonged to that place.

💥 England was prospered in the reign of henry and London became the center of trade and her citizens became more and more rich. King was very happy with this situation so he granted the Charter of London which allows them to collect the revenues of Middlesex. The people of London freed from paying Dangeld. They are allowed to select their own sheriff and Justiciar

💥 Henry reign was longed for 35 years.After his death in 1135 his Daughter Matilda became the Queen of England (not Matilda the daughter of Malcom III)

🔥The reigns of Stephen and Matilda

💥 Queen Matilda was very unpopular in England so the Norman Nobles Crowned Stephen the nephew of Henry I as the King. But in his rule England fell into anarchy

💥In this time Queen Matilda was ruling Anjou in 1141 she landed with a large army and she captured the king as her prisoner and she became the sole ruler of England. She was also like Stephen. She didn’t have any abilities of her father and the conditions inside England became very worse. She displaced the citizens of London by raising taxes and the people of London expelled her from London before her coronation

💥 Another foolish act which did by her is the releasing of Stephan. When he was released he attacked Matilda and she escaped to Anjou.

💥Her son Henry Believed that the English throne should be obtained by his mother. After the death of his father he became the count of Anjou and the duke of Normandy. He arrived in Wallingford Castle and signed a treaty with Barons which instructs Stephen to continue his rule until his death and after that the kingdom will be handed over to Henry.

🔥Feudalism in England

💥 After the fall of Roman empire Europe fells into the hands of insecurity and internal conflicts. So the peasants are forced to surrender their land to an able soldier or Lord in exchange of protection of his person and property. This system was widely practiced in every nook and corner of Europe

💥Lord is the most powerful person in feudal hierarchy. A lord was rich and powerful according to the extent of land he had. But the villeins (peasant) had no right in his land except cultivation.

💥In theory all the land was owned by the king. King leased out the lands to some barons and dukes called tenants. These tenants provides army and money for the king

💥 The term feudalism was originated from the Latin word fieodan which means property

💥 Feudalism was not an invention of the Normans it was existed before their arrival. The thegn system in the Anglo Saxon society was obtained more strict structure in the days of Normans

💥 In the Middle ages the normal unit of a holding land was the manor which was the norman name for estate. It includes a whole village sometimes even two. The Lord of the manor was like a monarch in his village. The villian had to cultivate in the land which the lord gives to him. Lord didn’t wants to pay wages but the villain should pay rent to the Lord for cultivating in his Land. A villain won’t be allowed to leave the village or do anything against the wishes of the Lord.

💥There is an another group of called serfs are also lived in those days. They are the people who had to do various works for the lord. There were also a number of free men who owned some bits of land. They have the legal rights and they are allowed to take their own decisions. But they were also forced to work on the property of the lord

 A manor provides money to the lord and it provides the means of existence to the villagers. The house of the lord was situated in the center of every village.

💥There is a court called manor court which deals with the small quarrels between the villagers but the serious crimes were taken into shire or hundred courts

💥The feudal relationships developed social responsibility in people. The lords became the most important aristocratic personalities in the medieval Europe and some of them became the vassals of the Monarchs

💥 thess vassals helps their lord or monarch with by giving them financial and military support

💥The manorial system was ended during the 14th century. In those times cultivating resources by using hired labour was more easier than the manorial system. The black death and peasants revolt speeded up the switching of manorial system into hired labour

🔥 Henry II

💥 After the death of Stephen Henry became the new king of England. The accession of Henry established a new dynasty called Angevin dynasty.

💥 The very first act of the king was the restoration of peace in the land. He pull downed each and every unlicensed castles and it ended the feudal anarchy.

💥Henry established the Common law in England. Common law never minded the position or the social status of the criminal and it treated all as equal.

💥But the clergymen was standing beyond the horizon of this law because only the church courts have the authority to trail the clergymen. The church courts didn’t sentenced the capital punishment for even to the most heinous crimes. This benefit was given even to the persons those who are in minor orders and all of the literate people are considered to be in the minor orders and they also get this privilege.

💥The king was not satisfied with this situation and he decided to put an end to it. He knew that he should attain the support of Canterbury Archbishop for doing anything with the church. So he nominated his dear friend Sir. Thomas Becket as the spiritual head of England in 1162 AD.

🔥 St. Thomas Becket of Canterbury

💥 He was the son of a London merchant. Thomas Beckets meeting with the king raised him as the closest friend and companion of the king. King raised him as the chancellor of England. King believed that the Archbishop will firmly support him in the case of punishing the criminal clergyman

💥 But is assumption was wrong As Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket became a totally different person. He believed that the Church and God greater than his affection or loyalty towards the king.

💥In 1164 king issued a document which instructs that the cases tried in the archbishop’s court could not be sent to the papal court without the consent of the king.

💥Another clause says the clerks found guilty in the church court should be dismissed from the church and handed over to the king to be punished in accordance of the common law of the land.

💥this bills should obtain the consent of Archbishop to became law. The king was confident because of his relationships with th Archbishop. He called the meeting of his council at Clarendon in 1164 but the Archbishop refused to sign in the treaty by saying “God does not judge a man twice for the same offence”. The meeting in Clarendon ended as inconclusive so the king called another one in Northampton. Archbishop fled to France for self exile for the next six years.

💥King seized the revenues of Canterbury and Archbishop excommunicated the King and his ministers. In 1170 Archbishop returned to Canterbury but he was not willing to accept defeat at the hands of king. The very first act of the Archbishop was to excommunicate the nobles who take part of the coronation ceremony of Henry’s son as the crowned prince of England. It was the exclusive privilege of the Archbishop of Canterbury but the king conducted it without archbishop. Archbishop summoned the prelates of England and ask them to confess for taking part of such ceremony

💥 When King Henry knew this news he said “rid him of this turbulent priest”. Soon after he said this his four Knights carried out his command and the slaughtered Archbishop when he knelt in prayer in alter.

💥Shockwaves of this terrible murder frightened Europe. Pope set aside the whole England under excommunication. It was a terrible time for the king and country. All churches were closed baptism and Christian burials are stopped. Finally king was filled with sorrow. King pleded with the Pope for mercy. The offending clauses of Clarendon was withdrawn. Henry condemned himself for flogging in the cathedral of Canterbury by the priests in there

💥Pope canonized Archbishop Thomas Becket as St. Thomas of Canterbury. He became a popular saint and Canterbury became a pilgrimage center.

💥 Apart from the tensions regarding the church, the thirty five year long reign of Henry II was one of peace, progress, and development. The anarchy of Stephen’s reign was followed by law and order in Henry’s time. The kings court was flourished in the days of Henry.

💥He established an another court name Exchequer Court which dealt with all the financial affairs of the kingdom.

💥Henry developed the system of travelling judges

💥Domesday book was developed and secularized by Henry II

💥Kings court was the final word of justice in all manners. The decisions of the Judges were written down amd they formed valuable precedents that became the basis of the English common law

💥The last days of Henry was not peaceful because of his wish to enter into the Irish soil. Another reason was his sons. He is not willing to gave them any independent charges so they raised their arms against their father. But Henry put down the rebellion in his old age. In 1188 another rebellion broke out with his surviving sons joining together against him with the support of French king Philip Augustus. This time king was defeated and finally he passed away in 1189

🔥Richard The Lionheart

💥 Richard the Lionheart is considered as a well known hero of Christendom. He was the king of England and the third son of Henry II. History calls him lion heart because of his bravery which he had shown in war. He was not interested in Ruling the country but in crusade. He spent his energy time and money for the crusades to reclaim the holy lands from Arab invaders. Richard considered England as a source of revenue. He raised money for crusade by selling state properties.

💥 After raising money he left England for the Kings Crusade in 1190 with a fleet of 40 ships. It is the first English navy appeared in Mediterranean. The arab army was very strong than the armies of Crusaders so he cant complete his mission. He conquered Acre and seized Jerusalem but arrive in a truce with Sultan Saladin 1192. But the blow which Richard given into the mind of Saladin was very strong and finally saladin died after six months of the return of the English king

💥While returning Richard was captured by his enemy duke of Austria. He was imprisoned by the Duke and released only om payment of 150,000 marks. After returning the country he launched an another expedition to reoccupy Normandy from his brother Prince John. He easily do that and spared John’s life. But throughout his life John continued as a trouble maker.

💥He spent his rest his times also in battles and finally he met his death in 1199 by a cursed arrow shooted from a crossbow. People of England calmly accepted his death

💥England was left in the hands of Hubert Walter Archbishop of Canterbury. In his days England progressed into self government. Archbishop knew that the future of the country is laying in the hands of middle class so he allowed meny cities to rule themselves. It was ruled by a group of elder men and they have a leader called mayor.

💥Archbishop Walter hubert became very unpopular because of his heavy taxation

🔥Crusades

💥In 635 AD Arabs conquered the Holy lands from the Hands of Romans. Jerusalem and the holy land is the most important places for a Christian. Because Lord Jesus Christ was crucified and resurrected in Jerusalem. The early Arab monarchs were tolerant in the case of religion and they allowed the pilgrimages to continue. But from the days of Fatimid dynasty it changed and in the days of Seljuk Turks it came to the worst extend. The pilgrimage centers were pillaged and the Tomb of Jesus Christ the most important place in the world was attacked by the Muslims

💥Pope Urban II recognized this danger and he inspired European powers and Byzantine empire to recapture the holy lands from the Infidels. The famous phrase Deus Vult (God Wills it) was introduced with the relation of the crusades. He proclaimed meny incentives for the crusaders and said them that “May the holy cross give you strength to reclaim the holy land from the infidel”. The blood of the listeners pumped into their head and the first Crusade was launched in 1097. All crusaders and the military orders like Templar Knights embroidered a red cross in their dress to show their bravery.

💥The leaders of the First crusade were the members of nobility. Robert William the son of William the conqueror led the armies of Cross towards Jerusalem and liberated it in 1099. Godfrey de Bouillon became the king of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established. In his reign he payed back what Muslims done to the Christians in their reign. The Christian power remained unshaken for the next century

💥A Second crusade launched by St. Louis VII of France 1147 to recapture rest of the holy land but it was utterly failed. In 1187 Sultan Saladin launched a Jihad against Jerusalem and he captured the holy city. The fall of Jerusalem sent shock waves to all over Christendom. The pope called for an another crusade called the Kings Crusade

💥The leaders of the Third Crusade was Philip Augustus king of France, Leopold duke of Austria, Frederick Barbarossa the holy Roman emperor and Richard the Lionheart finally the third Crusade ended in a treaty and Muslims agreed for the peaceful relationship with Christians and the promised to provide proper securities for the pilgrimage centers and pilgrims

🔥Results of the Crusades

💥The Crusades were held to prevent Islamic invasion of the holy lands and for the safety of the Christian pilgrimage centers. But the people of Europe as well as the People of England doesn’t likes the excessive taxation but however the crusades makes great impacts in the future of Europe. Meny products from east began to came to Europe.It is Venice the small city state in Italy started trade with east.

💥Only the first Crusade was completely successful but after 673 years of Richard the Lionheart’s gloomy retreat,the English Army Conquered the Holy land for Cross between the First world war. Some people calling it as the Tenth Crusade

🔥King John

💥 King John is the most infamous among the English Monarchs. He was a treacherous son and brother. But he deeply influenced the history of England. Richard the lion heart was an absentee monarch but the English people loved him. On the other hand King John always lived in his own country but each and every person in England disliked him.

💥 his reign was started by quarreling with Arthur the son of his elder brother Geoffrey of Anjou. Arthur asked for his patrimony and king refused. So Arthur takes the support of the French king and the French king considered this as an opportunity to became the feudal overlord of England. Finally the battle broke out and the king triumphed over Arthur. He was captured as prisoner and brutally killed. But in all other battles he was brutally defeted and he lost most of his french possessions.

💥Then he quarreled with the Church. After the death of hubert walter the monks of Canterbury selected a monk as the next bishop and sent it to Holy See for approval. But the King doesn’t agree with this action and he selected an another monk. Thus both candidates came infront of the Pope and the Pope disapproved the two and nominated his own. It was Stephen Langton. But the king doesn’t approved this and he didn’t allowed the new Archbishop to set his foot on England. And used the leisures of Canterbury diocese by his own. Then again Pope set England under mass excommunication in 1208

💥 The Nobility was also against the king because he is irritating them by demanding money

💥The common people hated the King because of Heavy taxation. Finally in 1212 Pope deposed King John from the throne of England and the French king was assigned to remove him from the throne. Welsh and Scottish nobles prepared for the revolt.

💥King John finally realized that the wind is blowing against him and he begged for mercy. He placed England as the vassal of the Holy See and agreed to pay a good sum as annual tribute. But the French king attacked him and he was defeated but he escaped from to England in 1214.

🔥Magna Carta

💥While king was fighting in France his subjects are busy in the preparation for a revolt. People from the different social stratas from clergy to the laymen, from nobility to the common men all are against the king. Archbishop Stephen Langton unearthed the Charter of Liberties which provided by King Henry I on Easter 1215 the barons met the king with heavily armed London burghers (citizens of London)

💥On 15th June 1215 king signed in the Magna Carta

💥The Magna Carta or the great charter was the modified form of Charter of Liberties granted by Henry I. According to the magna carta king doesn’t have the permission to violate the law of the land.

💥In reality it is a pact between King and Barons which forcing the king to obey the law of the land

💥There are 63 clauses in Magna Carta but only Four or Five are still relevant.

💥The twelfth clause instructs that the king could collect the taxes only with the consent of the common council of the realm. The common council later became the English Parliament.

💥The charter issued freedom for the church to manage it’s affairs by it’s own.

💥Other important clauses prevented the arbitrary arrest and imprisonment of the freemen and it made trials compulsory for punishing a man

💥 But the condition of serfs continued like before and anything for their sake was not the part of magna carta

💥The Common Council was consisted of twenty five barons

💥Barons used the Magna Carta as their shield against the king in the later centuries. The Tudor Monarchs also agreed with the terms of Magna Carta. But the Stuart Monarch reopened the fight between the Crown and the Subjects

💥But king John was not willing to give up his power. He got the pope to declare the charter hull and void and order the barons to bow before the King. But the barons prepared for a civil war with the support of French King. French army landed according to the invitation of the barons. Battle broke out and again John was defeated. In 1216 his life was stolen by a raging fever

🔥Henry III

💥King John was succeeded by his son Henry who was only nine year old. Therefore England was ruled by a regent until he get mature. That two regents were very wisest and bravest. They were William Marshall the earl of Pembroke and Hubert de burgh the Justiciar.

💥The reign of these two regents brought peace to the land. Within two years they drive out all the French Invaders from the English soil. But after King starts his own rule in 1227 the situation completely changed.

💥He put the Justiciar in prison and murdered him. He wished to rule according to his will not in a way that the Magna Carta suggests. His great advisor was Peter de Roches Bishop of Winchester. He was an obedient servant of the Pope.

💥The newly appointed French Priests in England didn’t bothered about the spiritual welfare of the English flock. The leisures of English Church began to flow into the Holy See

💥Henry III was interested in the Church Architecture. He pull down the Westminster Abbey and rebuilt it in a new design it is existing till this day.

💥Just like Edward the confessor he also filled the English courts with foreigners.

💥He faced a rebellion in Wales led by a hardy man called Llwellyn ap Gruffydd who called himself the prince of wales. The rebellion was put down by the king but he faced an another problem in London soon after the rebellion

💥The barons led by Simon De Montfort demanded that all foreigners should be expelled from the country and king should rule according to Magna Carta. Henry agreed with the terms but he gained a decree from the Pope and refused to obay the barons

💥Finally the battle broke out and Simon De Montfort triumphed over the king. The king was imprisoned and Simon became the ruler of England. He ruled the nation according to the Magna Carta. He allowed each town to sent its representatives to the common council. It made the common council as the earliest form of the Parliament

💥This was Known as Simons Parliament. It was summoned in 1265. Hence Simon de Montfort called as the father of English Parliament

💥But he cannot rule the country peacefully. Meny barons stand against him and Joined with Prince Edward the son of Henry III. The battle broke out and Simon was defeated by Prince Edward

🔥Edward I

💥Edward I was very different from his father. He already proved his skills in the battle. He obtained the support of the barons.

💥He realized that the peace in the land only be maintained smoothly if the ruler is an able one. He made no difference between his Saxon and Norman subjects. He visited the every nook and corner of his land and it helps him to be constantly connected with his subjects and increase the efficiency of ruling.

💥One of the most popular deeds done by Henry is the expulsion of Jews from England in 1290.

💥He enacted several rules during his reign and he earned the title the English Justinian. The laws which brought by the king should earn the approval of the Parliament.

💥The first Statute of Westminster allowed the king to have a regular income from the tax on the export of wool and leather.

💥The Statute of Mortmain in 1279 decreed that churches should no more be gifted with land or other gifts without the prior license of the king.

💥The second Statute of Westminster in 1285 entailed the ancestral properties of a person would pass from the father to the eldest son only

🔥 Edward I and Parliament

💥Edward recognized the importance of the Parliament and firmly believed that governance would be fruitful only with the co operation of all

💥The Parliament evolved from the Witangemote of the anglo saxons to the great council of normans to the Parliament of the English. The first two were only advisory bodies but the English Parliament is a governing body. It had the power to control the King. Each town had its own representatives in Parliament it may be Knights or the common man so their assembly is called as Commons

💥A Parliament usually summoned to grand funds to the king. Parliament was also the High court where king listened to the grievances of his subjects.

💥The Parliament summoned by Edward in 1295 is known as the model Parliament. It comprises Barons, clergy, knights and commons. They were order to attend the Parliament in Westminster hall. The Parliament was summoned to provide funds for the military expeditions of the king in France and Scotland.

💥But the Parliament didn’t give him money but king collected the money by taxation without the approval of the Parliament. But after the king left the shores the barons cancelled his new taxation. The reign of Edward is marked by the decisive conquest of Wales and encounters with Scotland.

💥King created three earldoms in the border between England and Wales. These Earls are known as Marcher Lords and they were the earls of Chester, Shrewsbury and Hereward

💥Llewellyn ap Grufydd united the wales under him and he refused to pay homage to the king. So the English army marched against Wales. Englishmen defeated Llewellyn and forced him to sign in a treaty. According to the treaty he forced to pay a good sum of money as homage. But the Welsh are not ready to became the fief of England. David the brother of Llewellyn raised his arms against England but Llewellyn was killed in battle and David was imprisoned and executed.

💥Edward tooks the title Prince of Wales and give it to his eldest son. This practice is continuing still today.

💥The next enemy of England was Scotland. Scots were not like the Welsh they are more barbaric and less poetic. After the death of king Alexander III of Scotland Edward crowned John Balliol as the king of Scotland. He considered Scotland as the fief of England. This catalysed the fight between England and Scotland. Scots asked the support of the French King and start fighting against England. John Balliol was deposed and killed in the battle.

💥Scots united under a leader named Sir. William Wallace and won the victory in a battle against England. But he were captured and executed. The leadership fells into the hands of Robert Bruce. Edward and his army marched to Scotland but he become ill and died on the way. The campaign fells into the hands of his son Edward II. He was not a worthy man like his father. So Robert Bruce won the final victory very easily.

🔥Edward II

💥King Edward was succeeded by his son Edward. He don’t have any of the qualities of his father. He was a faithful friend to his friends. One such person was Peter of Gaveston his boyhood friend. When he was king he elevated him as an Earl. But the barons didn’t liked this friendship and they forced the king to end this friendship but doesn’t obayed them. Then the barons besieged the castle of Peter and killed him. This provoked the king. But he didn’t do anything because he was an unable man.

💥King makes new friendships and it also provoked Barons and finally king executed the troublemaker. King once again became his own master and he enjoyed power. But her wife Queen Isabella went to France and revived her old affair with Lord Mortimer. They landed in the English shore with the French army in 1326.Finally the King was arrested and imprisoned in the Kenilworth Castle.

🔥Edward III

💥Edward III was only a minor when he ascended to the throne of England therefore the kingdom was ruled by the Queen mother. But actually her lover Lord Mortimer was the ruler of the nation. But the queen was very unpopular in her nation. The barons doesn’t like her lover also. They protested against the misrule of Lord Mortimer under the leadership of Henry Duke of Lancaster. Lord Mortimer burnt down the properties of Henry. In the darkness of the night a small group of soldiers sent by Henry arrested Isabella and Mortimer from their bedroom, they hanged Mortimer and condemned Isabella to life imprisonment.

💥 After the arrest of his mother and her lover Edward became the ruler of England. Edward firmly believed that it is his duty to bring England back into the days of glory in the days of Edward I

💥He wished to complete all things which his grandfather started. His eyes turn against Scotland. He supported the claims of Edward Balliol the son of John Balliol. He takes the throne from David of Scotland and proclaimed himself as king. But his popularity was ended within two months and he takes refuge in the hands of Edward. Edward sent his Army to Scotland and defeated the rebellious people. Edward III demanded his overlordship of the whole of south western Scotland. Finally the peace was established in the land

💥 After dealing with the island his eyes turn into France. It because of the issues with the trade. Flanders (Belgium) was the most important importers of English wool. But the nobility is interested in the glitter clothes cames from France so they were not interested in the needs of public. The public needs and aristocratic needs came to an open fight and King Edward put an embargo on the wool exports to boost up it. Finally the townsmen raised their arms against Aristocrats and King Edward supported them. This was a serious blow against France and the king decided to beat them again. Finally he declared war against France

🔥Hundred Years War

💥The Hundred years war is an important event which happened in the middle ages. In the first half of the war England became victorious and in the second half France returned with its all power. English Army prepared like Roman army for the battle.And the English naval fleet is also far more superior than the French navy. In fact King Edward even given the title King of the Sea for his interest in sea.

💥In the battle of Sluys in 1340 The Englishmen shakes the French throne and landed in France. The sieged the city of Tournai. At the same time Englishmen fomented rebellion in Brittany against France. But the English treasury was not able to hold the war and the King find a new way to collect the money without the sanction of the Parliament. He made a wool monopoly and the wool only be exported through that. King will name a town and the wool exported to that particular town and it is called as Staple

💥Another important battle was happened while the English army marched to Paris to capture the capital city. It is called as the Battle of Crecy. The English archers and Cavalry was far more superior than any French troops so finally the Frenchmen knee before the English.

💥Parliament allowed a good sum of money to continue the battle and the English army led by Edward the Black Prince (not Edward III). But the French army was well equipped and the paid back for the battle of Crecy. But the French were completely defeated at the Battle of Poitiers Thus the first face of hundred years war ended with the absolute English victory.

💥Both parties signed in a treaty in 1360 and the French forced to give the western France to the English.

💥The Parliament also continued its growth in the days of Edward. Its main dutes are granting funds, financing military expeditions etc. But the nobility and clergy doesn’t like to sit with the commons so the commons sit together in a corner of the same room. This is considered as the origin of the house of commons. The Parliament in those days didn’t have the rights to interfere in the administration of the country.

💥 is considered as the last great Edwards of England King Edward III passed away in 1376.

🔥The Black Death

💥The black death also known as bubonic plague swept over all of Europe in the second quarter of the 14th century. The point of origins are unknown. The dirty houses and streets are considered as the cause of black death. Half of the European population was wept and it take meny generations to recover that same demographic strength before the plague. It played a great impact in the social setup of Europe.

🔥John Wycliffe and the Lollards.

💥John Wycliffe was born in Yorkshire and his education at Oxford where he entered to the Holy orders. He criticized the corruption in the Church. He questioned the authority of the Pope and Transubstantiation. He formed an order of poor preachers to preach the gospel among the ordinary people. They were called as Lollards . They bring the Word of God with its all purity to the common man. His bible translation into English helped to common man to reach the Holy Word. He is called as the morning star of Reformation and the Father of English Prose He and his men triggered the Peasants revolt.

💥 The Archbishop of Canterbury condemned the doctrines of Wycliffe. Lollards were ordered to recant those who refused were burnt at the stake. John Wycliffe was not persecuted. He died in 1384 and his dream was unrealized. Persecutions and martyrdoms continued but the principles of true Christian teachings in all their simplicity was implanted so firmly in English minds.

🔥Richard II

💥Richard II became the king when the black death ravaged through the island. The number of serfs and villeins were reduced. Meny of the serfs ran away to the cities. Serfs asked for better wages and the landlords forced to give because the labor was no longer cheap. This inspired the landlords to put their efforts in sheep farming. It was more easy and less labor dependent.

💥The Parliament prohibited serfs from demanding more wages and the price of essential commodities stay high. Meny landlords turned to sheep farming and it increased unemployment. Corruption in the clergy was attained its peak so the people attracted to the teachings of the Lollards. In this time a tax called poll tax also levied from the people. The poor serfs forced to pay the half of their wages as poll tax. Finally these persecutions leads to a revolt called The Peasants Revolt of 1381

💥Serfs and peasants decided to share their grievances with the king. They marched to the capital. The march became violent in Kent and Essex. The cruel barons and clergy faced retribution. Canterbury Archbishop and the treasurer of the king was beheaded. The palace of John of Gaunt was burnt down. Finally the king met the peasants in Smithfield and they demanded for the abolition of oppressive laws.

💥King agreed with these demands. After calming down the crowd the barons decided to pay back. The killed Wat Taylor the leader of the revolt. Finally the revolt was put down and the situation of the serfs continued without any change. The Peasant revolt became the death knell of serfdom and the landlords preferred labourers for daily wages rather than bonded labour.

💥 In 1389 King dismissed Lord Appellant. The council which assigned to rule the nation until king became mature. Lord Appellant killed kings favourite person and overwhelm his decisions in the case of Peasants revolt. King’s interest in the issues of common man give him popularity. He ruled the nation according to the wishes of the Parliament.

💥He was not interested in fighting therefore he signed a peace treaty with the French king. After he achieving these goals he answered the call of his favorite persons blood which shed by the Lord Appellant. All those who insulted the king was executed.

💥Henry the son of John of Gaunt became the next threat. He came to claim his patrimony. All of the nobles who opposed Richard, joined with him. They marched into Bristol and hanged the kings men. Richard was relinquished his throne and hand overed it to Henry. Richard was imprisoned in Pontefract Castle and this incident is considered as the first spark of the War of the Roses

🔥Henry IV

💥The accession of Henry into the English throne didn’t changed the Angevin bloodline because he was the grand son of Edward III. But according to the English system only the eldest son had the right to the throne. So he depended on Parliament for validity. Parliament grew from strength to strength because of this.

💥Henry IV was an ideal king. He was capable and merciful. The barons forced the king for the execution of Richard II finally the king ordered to shed his predecessor in 1400. Soon after this the king faced a rebellion from the welsh side. Marcher lords was the assigned persons to put down these threats but they demanded to pay back the money which king borrowed from them. But the king refused to pay and it leads to an another rebellion

💥King put down the rebellion and he executed Henry hotspur the person who leads the rebellion. Earl percy became furious and he raised his arms for an another rebellion with the support of the Archbishop of york and Thomas Mowbray. Henry put down the rebellion and the archbishop and Thomas was executed. Earl percy was escaped over the border. Soon after the battle king was captured by a skin decease and the people thinks that it was a curse by God for daring to kill a minster of the Church.

💥The Parliament demanded the king for the expulsion of foreigners from his courts and they instructs that the appointments in King’s house hold will be done only with the sanction of the Parliament. These incidents proving the importance of the Parliament in the days of Henry so the traces of Constitutional Monarchy is to be seen from the Days of Henry. In 1413 King Henry IV died because of the skin decease and his son Henry V became the next king.

🔥Henry V

💥Henry V was like a fairy tale king. He was brave, handsome and honourable. He roepend the hundred years war. The body of Richard II was disinterred and buried in Westminster abbey with full honours. He treated the Parliament with respect.

💥In France a feud broke out between the two powerful noble families. The duke of Orleans and Duke of Burgundy. The Duke of Burgundy accepted Henry as his overlord and requested his help. King Henry considered this as a chance and he trained his army to achieve a triumphal victory in Agincourt. They sailed a well trained English fleet with ten thousand men.

💥The small English force and a large number french force fought each other and the English fleet successfully triumphed over France. French nobles were captured and held to ransom. The battle finally ended with the treaty of Troyes in 1420 and the French king recognised Henry as his heir and Henry returned home to receive the red carpet welcome. Henry married Catherine the daughter of the French king and ensured his claims to the throne.

💥The senseless persecutions of the Lollards is the one and only black spot in the reign of Henry.

💥Dauphin the son of the king of France refused to accept the overlordship of Henry. War broke out again but King Henry V died before he starts the campaign in France

🔥Henry VI

💥Henry VI was only an infant when he ascended to the throne. So England and France Ruled by a Lord Protector. He didn’t have any of the qualities of his father. Lord Bedford the lord protector of England managed the Hundred years war very well. But the fate of France was saved by a young Shepherd girl named St.Joan of Arc. She claimed the she have been sent by God to save France from the hands of enemy. The French people firmly stand behind her and the nationalistic spirit in soldiers were boost up. English were beaten back and Dauphin became the French King but Joan was captured by the English and burnt at stake as a witch. Very soon the English were routed from France in the battle of Castillon All French possessions of the English throne was lost and they returned to England. Thus the Hundred years war came to an End

💥Henry VI married Margaret of Anjou. They had no children so his cousin Richard III the great grand son of Edward III was proclaimed as the next king. In 1453 a son was born to Henry. This strengthen the Queens claims. Richard lost his hope of kingship so he raised his arms for the throne and thus the Wars of the Roses began

💥 The coat of arms of both York and Lancaster families were Roses York had white

And Lancaster had Red Two families met with their armies in St. Albans Lancastrians resisted the most but the Yorkists was better organized so they won the battle and the Duke of Somerset was killed. Richard became the regent again.

💥In July 1460 when king was fighting outside Lancastrians attacked but the Yorkists defended it in the command of Earl of Warwick. Lancastrians defeated and the yorkmen marched back to London. This time the king proclaimed Richard as his heir. But the Queen again stand against this and battle broke out. This time fate supported the house of Lancaster. Richard of York died in the battle. Edward the son of Richard raised his arms to avenge. York marched against Lancaster and a huge bloodbath was happened but it didn’t give any upper hand to Edward. Another battle was broke out in 1461 and this time also Yorkists didn’t get any benefits.

💥Queen Margaret remained in Berwick and ruled the nation from there. Edward marched to London and the london burghers gives a warm welcome to the king. King Edward IV proclaimed Lancastrians as traitors. King marched against the former queen Margaret and she fled to Scotland

🔥Edward IV

💥Edward the son of Richard Crowned as the next king and he confiscated the lands of Lancastrians. He was also like King Henry V. He was an able king warlike spirited. But the fate didn’t allowed him to enjoy peace. Queen Margaret landed again in England with the support of Scotland and France. But her army was no match for the English army and she defeated again. But she attacked again with an another army and it was also a failure. Once again she fled from England and took refuge at the court of duke of Burgundy.

💥King Edward was an able, brave and handsome king. He was a good soldier but he preferred peace rather than war. He maintained good terms with Earl or Warwick but his marriage with an English widow and her sister’s marriage with the duke of Burgundy makes crashes in this relationship. In those days marriage was the ideal tool of diplomacy. Finally it also leads to a rebellion. Warwick and King’s brother rebelled against him. But they flee from the country and became the enemies of the king

💥 Earl Warwick and Queen Margaret landed in the English soil with the support of the French king, they marched to London and freed Henry VI the former king from the prison. Once again he puts into the English throne and Edward took refuge in the court of duke of Burgundy. He made a strong army and landed in England and reclaimed his throne. Another battle breaks out when Queen Margaret landed with her 17 year old son. But he died in the battle. Queen captured as the prisoner and died as a prisoner. King Henry VI was executed.

💥after the execution of Henry, Edward ruled the nation peacefully. Finally he died by an unnamed decease leaving his kingdom in the hands of his 12 year old son Edward.

🔥Richard III

💥Richard the Duke of Gloucester was the most faithful brother of King Edward IV. So he should gets the chance to became the Lord Protector but the Queen didn’t allowed him to became the lord protector. He tooks the two sons of Edward IV and crowned prince Edward as Edward V of England but soon after the coronation he sent them two into the London tower. His hands was contaminated by the innocent blood of the sons of Edward IV. He crowned himself as the king of England. His cruelty made him universally hated.

💥The only supporter of the house of Lancaster was Henry Tudor. He meet Richard in battle and Richard killed between the battle. Finally the Angevin dynasty was ended and a new dynasty was born. The Tudor Dynasty.

🔥Medieval Institutions

💥Universities and Parliaments is considered as the important medieval institutions. The influence of Oriental wisdom inspired Europe to explore the world of knowledge. Before that the keys of knowledge was kept in the hands of clergy. Every European universities had a number of foreign students. Latin was the medium of instruction so if a person know latin he can join in the universities and start learning.

🔥University of Oxford

💥The first university in England was came up in Oxford and till this day it is proudly standing as the niche of Wisdom. The conflict between king Henry II and Archbishop Thomas Becket was the reason which leads to establishment of the university. King recalled all of the English Scholars from France. And he established a university in Oxford for them. The university didn’t have enough buildings. There are some houses and it used for lodging, discussing, arguing etc. The Churches and was borrowed for conducting functions and meetings. The head of the university was called as Chancellor.

💥William Durham and John Belliol established Colleges which affiliated to the university and by the mid nineteenth century students are staying nside of the campus

🔥 The University of Cambridge

💥The university of Cambridge was established in the bank of river Cam. King Henry III was a patron of the university. The king exempted the university from certain taxes. Cambridge also obtained the support of the Pope and became an important medieval institution. The teachers of these two universities had also the privilege to teach any where in the Christendom. Peterhouse was the first college which affiliated to the university. Meny collages and universities were founded throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. The university is headed by a vice chancellor. Cambridge was the stronghold of Puritan movement and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer the important figure in the Anglican church was came from the university of Cambridge

💥The collages and buildings was built in the shape of Quadrangle.

🔥Friars

💥The friars is an another sect in Christianity they were wedded to the vows of poverty and chastity. It was established by St. Francis Assissi and St. Dominic. The Franciscan and Dominican Friars influenced Europe and the whole world also. Their influence in England was ended in the days of Reformation

🔥The Guilds

💥The Word guild was evolved from a saxon word gilden which means “to pay”. There are two types of guilds Merchant guilds and Craft guilds. The merchant guilds includes all the merchants in the town. The members of the guild was excluded from the excessive taxation by lords and landlords. Guild was the agency which fixed the price of commodities in those days

💥The Craft guilds were associations of men who followed the same craft. They were men who belonged to the same class, brother labourers working in the same place. It followed a strict hierarchy system. The new members in the guild were learnt things from a master craftsman. The guildmen depended the guild for everything. The traces of modern trade unions were seen in the medieval guilds.

🔥The Growth and development of the English Language

💥The English language began to grow more after the Norman Conquest. Latin, French and Norman languages constantly influenced the English language and meny words from these languages were migrated to English. The east Midland dialect became more popular among the Middle English dialects. It was used in the Oxford and Cambridge universities and William Caxton used this dialect in his printing press. The invention of printing helps to fix a spelling and grammer also. John Wycliffe’s translation of the Holy Bible was also written in East Midland dialect. The Hundred years war and other political issues inspired the Englishmen to be proud about his own language and culture. The influence of French and Latin was slowly extinct from England and the native language gets importance

🔥Medieval Literature

💥Geoffrey Chaucer

Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London. Chaucer started his career in the household of Earl Ulster. He was a brilliant student. He was part of three important events in the English history. Hundred years war, Black death and Wars of the Roses. He earliest poems was written in the pattern of French Octosyllable but later he switched into the ten syllabled iambic form of English poetry. Canterbury tales was his masterpiece. The tales are supposed to be the stories told by a group of pilgrims who travels from London to Canterbury for visiting the pilgrimage center of St. Thomas Becket of Canterbury. The prologue of the Canterbury tales was the unequal expression of the social life of England. He is considered as the father of English Poetry. He died in 1400 and buried in the poets corner at Westminster abbey.

🔥 Chaucer’s Contemporaries

💥One of the most contemporaries of Chaucer was John Gower. Another important contemporary of Chaucer was William Langland author of “The vision Concerning Piers anf Plowman”. The most important Prose writer in that days was Reginald Peacock the author of “Morte de Arthur”. Drama was also developed in those days. The important genres of drama in that days was Mystery plays and Miracle plays. The second Shepherd was an important example of Mystery play.

🔵3rd Module

🔥 Henry VII

💥 Henry VII was the first Tudor Monarch of England

💥The war of the roses destroyed meny noble houses and the existing are weak in power as well as in money. Trade and commerce had developed as never before. There for a new aristocratic class slowly raised into power. The middle class

💥 The cloth industry was developed and money began to flow into England.

💥The Tudor dynasty was established by Owen Tudor a Welsh Knight who married Catherine The Widow of Henry V. His son married Lady Margret the cousin of Henry Tudor

💥He claimed the English Throne Through Four Ways.

🔴He occupied the throne by defeating Richard III

🔴He was the Choice of the people and the Parliament

🔴He had the blessings of the Pope and the support of the Church

🔴He had a strong blood claim to the throne

💥 Henry was from the house of Lancaster and he married Princess Elizabeth of the House of York thus he ended the war of the roses forever

💥Henry VII was faced two rebellions in between his reign but two of them were put down and the pretenders was executed

💥He patronized the middle class and gave the significant positions of the government to them. He appointed Archbishop Morton as the Archbishop of Canterbury who had no aristocratic background. The middle class people are also loved peace because without peace in the country they cant go forward with their business. And the Middle class people are willing to pay money when the king ask for it. This helps the king to avoid knocking the doors of parliament for money

💥He established a court called Star Chamber to keep the barons in order. He established a law called livery and maintenance law which instructs that the barons have no right to keep an army with a special uniform. The violations of this law trialled in the star chamber and the barons found guilty are heavily fined

💥 Henry VII passed an another act called as the Navigation Act which instructs that the good to and from England should be carried out in the English ships that are manned by Irish, Welsh or English soldiers. This helps England to expand their trade horizons to the mediterranean region and the English ships regularly visits Mediterranean in order to trade in the spices of the East. And the law instructs that the sailors should be good soldiers also

💥 The demand of Wool was constantly increasing in those days so the King decided to convert more and more agricultural lands into sheep farms. This made the problem of unemployment. But the people was still sit silently because they feared the king

💥King wished to make England as a self sufficient nation so he promoted home industries

💥King decided to make the nation more stable so he made a marriage alliance with James IV of Scotland and his daughter Margaret. Irish Parliament passed a series of laws which says that the Irish laws will obtain validity if it was approved by the English King

💥He made an another marriage alliance for maintaining diplomacy it was between the prince Arther and Catherine of Aragon of spain. But unfortunately Prince Arther was a sick person and died after five months of marriage. But Henry VII was so reluctant to send back Princess Catherine to Spain because of huge dowry which she brought to England. So he decided to conduct her marriage with his another son named Henry VIII. It was a turning point in the history of the world

💥In 1509 King Henry VII breathed his last and his son Henry VIII ascended to the throne

🔥 The Renaissance

💥The sixteenth century witnessed the a great change in the out look of Europe. It is called as Renaissance. It was a revival happened in all fields of human life especially it promoted the reading of classical manuscripts which written in Greek and Latin.

💥After the fall of Constantinople the scholars in the Byzantine empire fled to Europe. They bring ancient manuscripts with them. This helps the European scholars to read the original manuscripts of meny books especially the Holy Bible. The Bible was once again studied in the original Hebrew and Greek manuscripts. The constant contact with greek literature helps the people to became aware about greek ideas and perspectives.

💥This created the scientific temper in the people and motivate them to explore more. The wealthy Italian families supported them financially and the Popes are also interested in these researches and explorations

💥 Meny painters and sculptors were came in this days like Leonardo da Vinci, Michael Angelo, Raphael etc. They made tremendous contributions into the aesthetic world. These contributions are preserved and stored till this day.

💥Architecture was also developed in this days. The best example for Renaissance architecture is st. Peters Basilica

💥 There are meny scientific discoveries was held on in the Renaissance age. The heliocentric model was invented by Copernicus and it was ratified by Galileo. Galileo invented telescope and pointed it into the clear blue sky. His telescope became a key which opens the secrets of the universe.

💥It was the age of geographical discoveries also. Spain and Portugal started the geographic discoveries in search of a new way to the Orient lands. The new world was discovered by Christopher Columbus and Vasco da gama reached India in 1498

🔴 Characteristics of Renaissance

💥 the emergence of cities and its increasing role in the cultural life

💥Growing rivalry between nobles and people

💥the emergence of regional powers

💥the conflict between Christian morality and political morality

💥emergence of humanism

💥development of scientific temper

💥growth of literacy

🔥Humanism

💥The early humanists used to teach at the universities. The most important humanists lived during the 15th century are

🔴Petrarch

🔴Erasmus

🔴Dean John Colet

🔴Sir. Thomas More

💥The humanists believed that Man can make constant attempt to strive for good but he is always in the trap of evil. They believed in the free will of man

💥Oxford Reformers

The university of Oxford became home to some of the greatest Humanists like Dean John Colet, Desiderius Erasmus and Sir. Thomas More

💥Dean John Colet was the son of a London merchant. He had been trained in the academy of Italy. After his studies he came to Oxford and taught the humanistic idea of St. Paul which he expressed through his epistles. He was familiar with the Greek manuscript of the Epistles so he looks to it with a different perspective

💥 Another important humanist was Desiderius Erasmus. He argued for the reformation of the Church,Education and Society. He translated the new testament and it was done for make the Englishmen familiar with the word of God. He believed that the men should have his own understanding about the Christian ideas. He taught Greek in the university of Oxford for five years

💥 Sir. Thomas More was a commoner but he was intelligent and clever. He entered the services of Archbishop Morton as a young boy. After realizing his abilities his mentor sent him to Canterbury hall Oxford. There he learned brilliantly and took up the legal profession. He became a member of Parliament and showed himself worthy of that position. He wrote a book called Utopia Which speaks about an ideal land. He also wished to reform the church. He was widely appreciated and King Henry VIII appointed him as Lord Chancellor. Later he disagreed to denounce his Catholic faith and he was executed by the King.

💥Three of these Scholars are Good Christians but they understand the importance of reform in the Church

🔥Scientific Inventions

💥The Renaissance overthrown all superstitions and misconceptions which taken

Place in the consciousness of Europe it open the mind of people to accept the reality. Flat earth theory and other foolish believes were overthrown during this age.

💥 The Humanist scholars updated the curriculum of the grammar schools. They added Mathamatics, geometry and algebra to the curriculum

💥The greatest invention taken place in those days was the invention of printing press. Printing was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany and William Caxton introduced the printing press in England. In those days around six million books were produced all over Europe

🔥Geographical discoveries

💥 It was the nations in Iberian peninsula who kick started the age of Discovery in 1487 Bartholomeo Dias rounded the cape of good hope and a few years later Vasco Da Gama followed the same route. He finds a new route to India and Landed at Calicut in 1498. Spain also tried to find a new way to India but in that effort they found a new continent instead of India . That was America. In 1500 a Portuguese sailor named Pedro Alvarez Cabral accidentally landed in Brazil and discovered south America.

💥 Slowly The English nation and France also put their efforts in sea. In Henry VII reign John Cabot and Sebastian Cabot discovered nova Scotia. Sir. Valter Raleigh discovered a new land in America and he called it as Virginia to show his respect to the Virgin Queen of England. By the 18th century all the major European countries became colonial Empires

🔥The Reformation in Europe

💥Reformation was the result Renaissance which spread all over Europe in the 15th century. Lollards were the persons who primarily sawed the seeds of Reformation. The corruption of the clergy was questioned by the Oxford reformers and lollards.

💥Institution of Papacy was corrupted. The Christian ideals was replaced by the greed for money even the morality of the clergy was in threat because of the limitless power and leisure handled by the Church. The humanist scholars and lollards were the person who primarily opposed this. The holy Bible was translated into vernacular languages and it helps the people to understand Bible by their own and finally these all leads to an explosion which severally effected political control of the Church over Europe

🔥Martin Luther

💥Martin Luther is considered as the father of Reformation. The Pope ordered to sell indulgences to collect the money to rebuild st. Peters Basilica. Martin Luther strongly opposed this act and because of his teachings the friars who came to sell indulgences were returned with empty hand. Pope excommunicated Martin Luther but his teachings were able to raise people for a rebellion against Papacy. The princes of Germany was favoured Luther but King Charles V decided to suppress Protestants but it was failed. The army turned against Pope and Sacked Rome

💥Reformation is called as Protestantism in its theological aspect and Lutheranism in it’s theological aspect

💥Henry VIII was favoured Pope and defend the Catholic faith so Pope awarded him the title Defender Of Faith.

🔥Reformation in England

💥The matrimonial problems of Henry VIII is the reason of the Reformation which happened in England. Unlike the Reformation in Europe the English Reformation was not against the systems of the Church. It was against the Pope and Papacy but it followed the Catholic system in its prayers.

💥Henry VIII decided to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Ann Boleyn There is no chance for polygamy in Christianity so king decided to divorce Catherine. He appealed to the Pope to get the permission to divorce his wife.Catherine was the daughter of Emperor Ferdinand and Empress Isabella of Spain so if Pope granted his wish it will provoke Spain. Emperor Charles the Spanish emperor was protective in the case of his aunt. The diplomatic ability of Cardinal Wolsey failed and Pope favoured the Spanish interest. This provoked the English King. He arrested the Archbishop and put in prison.

💥King summoned the Parliament and Parliament appointed the king as the head of the English Church. All the church affairs now get freedom from the control of the Holy See. But he was reluctant to tolerate with Martin Luther. He strictly followed the Catholic system, only the Papal control over the church was questioned by the king

🔥Archbishop Thomas Cranmer

💥Archbishop Thomas Cranmer was thr chancellor of England after Thomas More. He became the Archbishop of Canterbury and solemnized the marriage of Ann Boleyn and King Henry VIII. King proclaimed that the marriage with his own brother’s wife was like incest. He established a new book of prayers in church which is called as the Book of Common Prayers .The Church established by king Henry VIII was continued as the national church of England till this day.

🔥Henry VIII

💥When henry was ascended to the throne he was only 18. He was a true Englishmen who loved England and her sons and daughters. Henry’s reign can be divided as two periods. First one is Papal period. In this period he support the Holy See and turned against the Reformation happened in Europe. In the next period Henry himself became a reformer and Established the Church of England by cutting off all relationships of the English church with their spiritual head.

🔥Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

💥Cardinal Wolsey was a commoner. He was an ambitious man and he knew that the only way to realize his ambitions is Church. Therefore he took holy orders and gets the favour of a bishop. He sent him into the chapel of the King. King appointed him as the archbishop of york. Later king made him the chancellor of England and pope raised him as Cardinal. He was the last churchmen who ruled the country rightfully. His diplomacy helps Europe to maintain power balance.

💥Catherine and the king had several children but all of them died in their infancy except Princess Mary. King considered this as a curse for marrying his brothers wife without the blessings of God. King blamed The Cardinal for this and arrested him but he became ill and death helps him to escape from the hands of Henry. After the death of Cardinal he appointed Thomas more in his position

🔥Archbishop Thomas Cranmer

💥Archbishop Thomas Cranmer became the next Chancellor after Henry. He was young, ambitious and intelligant. He was the person who arranges the moral and intellectual support for the king. He was the who cutoff all the relationships with the Pope and legalized the marriage of the king

🔥Thomas Cromwell

💥Thomas Cromwell was the choice of the king to carry out his cruel wishes. He was intelligent and ambitious. Anyone those who not recognising Henry as the head of the Church was executed by his hands. Meny churchmen preferred dying rather than recognising Henry as their spiritual head.

💥After the divorce Queen Catherine was considered as the “honourable sister in law”. King’s dearest wife was unable to give him a son. She gave birth to a girl child it was Princess Elizabeth. It shocked the king and he executed Ann Boleyn. Again the king married a woman called Jane Seymour. She gave birth to a son but she died once again the king left without a wife. Then he married Ann of Cleves a Protestant princess. But she divorced her after some days

💥Thomas Cromwell was the person who arranged his marriage with Ann, so his wrath turned against Thomas and his royal sword takes his own cruel servant’s life.

💥Thomas Cromwell was the man who carried out the orders of the king to loot, pillage and pull down the monasteries in England. King lifted Thomas as post vicar General thus he gets the permission to enter in any monasteries. He made a list of monasteries and attacked it one by one. The beautiful artefacts of the Catholic church were also destroyed.

💥Again king married a young lady named Catherine she was also added into the list of his ex-wifes soon. The last wife of Henry was Catherine Parr. She was like a nurse to the old king. In 1547 king breathed his last

💥His 38 years reign bring peace to the country. Wales became an integral part of England in his reign. He transformed meny trade vessels into battleships. He strengthened the English navy by following the footsteps of his father. He installed the latest artillery in the ships. These reforms helped Britannia to rule the waves for the next four centuries.

🔥Edward VI

💥After the death of King Henry VIII the kingdom passed into the hands of his only son Edward. He was a sickly boy. The country was ruled by his uncle Edward Seymour the Duke of Somerset. He was a moderate Protestant. He lifted the brutal punishments which given to the people who believes in the other sects of Christianity. The Parliament imprisoned Edward Seymour for trying to restrict sheep farming. His place was taken by John Dudley the earl of Warwick. He considered Reformation as a way to loot and pillage the Churches. His brutal acts against the prelates and Churches relegated his popularity but he continued his brutal acts until the king dies in 1553. After the death of the king the ministers crowned Mary Tudor as the next Queen of England

🔥Queen Mary

💥The very first act of Mary was the execution of the Earl of Warwick. People had sympathy towards her because of the things happened to her mother. She decided to reestablish the Catholic faith in the land of England. She considered it as her duty. Protestant bishops were arrested and sent into the tower and the Protestant laymen were burnt at stake. Marry decided to marry her cousin Philip II of Spain. It decreased her popularity. She believed that he will help her to reestablish Catholic faith in England. But the people afraid that it might be leads to the overlordship Spain over England.

💥But the Queen didn’t bothered about the opposition of the people she married her cousin Philip. But the queen cannot gave birth to a child so their relationship was not cemented. She executed all those who are not ready to denounce their Catholic faith. The blood martyrs helped Protestantism to grow in the English Soil.

💥She died with a broken heart because her life mission was failed and the lost of Port Calais. She agreed to crown her half sister Elizabeth as the next Queen.

🔥Queen Elizabeth

💥Elizabeth became the Queen of England in the age of 25. Elizabeth was also like her father in meny things. She had a strong will and flamboyant nature. But unlike her father she was a moderate Protestant. She ended the persecution in the base of religion. She considered marriage as a tool for maintaining diplomacy. She didn’t married anyone and remain as the virgin Queen of England

💥Elizabeth established the Anglican Church which is following the both Catholic and Protestant belives. Book of common prayers became popular in this days and used in Churches

💥Her most important advisors were William Cecil and Sir. Francis Walsingham Cecil advised her in her state affairs and Walsingham considered that, it’s his duty to protect the Queen from all dangers. He saved the life of the Queen from different plot’s against her. He maintained a good network to collect the news from each and every corner of the country.

💥The greatest danger which she faced in her reign was the revival of Catholic faith. The most important power in Europe was Spain during that time. Philip II the Spanish king considered Elizabeth as the illegitimate daughter of Henry VIII. He was the husband of Mary Tudor so he raised his claims in the English throne. In the other hand Mary Queen Of Scots the great grand daughter of Henry VII also claimed the English throne

💥The winds of Reformation swept the Scottish church. John Knox the disciple of John Calvin believed that the Reformation should be imposed forcefully. The whole scale destruction of monasteries were happened in Scotland. Mary of Guise the regent of Scotland requested the help of France. Her daughter Mary Queen of Scots was also the Queen of France. Her husband was the french king. He died and she became the ruler of France. She came with the French army but the French entered a treaty with Scotland and returned. Finally Scotland was fell into the hands of Protestantism.

💥Catholics in England was considered Mary as their rightful ruler. On the other hand the people in Scotland hates Mary because she was a Catholic. Uprising was happened one by one. The Queen was captured and imprisoned in a castle. She crowned her infant son James as the James VI of Scotland. Finally she fled to England and takes the refuge of her enemy. She was lodged in Yorkshire.

💥The earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland planned a plot to put Mary in the English throne and restore the Catholic faith. They raised their arms for that but it was failed

💥The last Catholic plot against the Queen was Babington plot. The planning was held through messaging using letters. Sir Francis Walsingham intercepted a letter from Mary and used that as a clear proof against Mary. She was arrested and executed. Queen was reluctant to shed her own blood but finally she agreed to kill Mary.

💥Netherlands was also a Protestant country in those days. It was a part of the Spanish Empire. Queen encouraged the rebellions in France. She used pirates to loot the Spanish vessels. Which came from the new world. The most important pirates who carried out the wishes of Elizabeth was Sir. Francis Drake.

💥Sir Francis Drake was a bravest and cleverest and most daring seamen in those times. The Englishmen constantly attacked the Spanish ships in the leadership of Sir Francis Drake. Drake had been like a nightmare to the Spaniards. Philip complained about him to the Queen but she didn’t bothered. In 1585 Philip put and embargo to the English ships. Elizabeth struck back by ordering drake to attack the Spanish ports. He attacked several Spanish towns in the colonies and laid the waste.

🔥The Spanish Armada

💥After the execution of Mary king philip revived his claims to the English throne. He decided to attack and conquer England. He ordered to sent an armada consists of 130 ships. It had a battering ram in its beak which can wreck the enemy ship with its massive punch. On the other hand the English ships were very light and its maneuverability was high. Heavy artillery was installed in each ship.

💥thirty thousand Spanish soldiers were sent to crush England on July the English and Spanish navy meet with each other. Englishmen crushed the Spanish vessels and only 50 out of 130 returned to Spain. In July 1588 the Spanish armada was completely defeated and retreated and England attained Decisive victory. After the death of Philip the Armada’s became the story of past.

🔥Advisors of England

💥William Cecil was the important Advisor of the Queen. After his death his son Robert Cecil became the advisor of the Queen

💥Sir Francis Walsingham was the another important advisor of the Queen. He was the person who take care of the security of the Queen

💥Another important person is Sir. Walter Raleigh. He found a place in the new world named it as Virgina for respecting the Virgin Queen of England. He was a poet also. He tried to flatter the queen by using extravagant terms to describe her. He led an army to conquer Ireland by his own interest and leaves his army in Ireland and returned to England. Queen arrested him and imprisoned for treason. In 1603 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth passed away because of a short illness

🔥Elizabethan England

💥The Elizabethan England is known as a nest of singing birds because of the presence of a number of poets like sir. Philip sidney, William shakespear, Edmund Spencer.

💥Queen Elizabeth established a new church called the Anglican Church. She defeated the Spanish Armada and proved that “Britons never never never shall be slaves”

💥The castles became moat less because of the safety which provided by her majesty. In her days the banking industry was flourished.

💥The local government in the days of Elizabeth was selected to maintain the roads properly and they worked as magistrate courts also.

💥The Mediaeval guilds now transformed into companies. It is also an association of merchants. They should have a royal charter to trade in the foreign countries. The famous company in those days was the East India Company which formed in 1600.

💥The rapidly increasing unemployment was the important problem which faced in the Tudor age. Queen passed a law that all the unemployed persons should participate in Agricultural cultivations. The physically and mentally handicapped men were protected in each parish and the maintaining cost was collected from the people. Begging was banned and beggars were publicly thrashed

💥Elizabethan England is considered as the prototype of the English society in the next centuries.

🔥England the nest of singing birds

💥In the days of the Tudor monarchs Music and lyrical poetry was flourished together. Sir Philip sidney’s famous sonnet Astrophel and stella is the first sonnet in England Arcadia was the another important work which written by him. It was a prose poetry. It is a pastoral poetry

💥Edmund Spencer was the another important poet who lived in this particular time period. He wrote the famous book called faerie Queene. It is a heroic romance which made an imaginary connection between queen Elizabeth and king Arthur.

💥Next important poet is Sir Walter Raleigh. He was a soldier and a poet

💥The development of English prose can be said to begin in the last quarter of sixteenth century. Voyages and discoveries of the English nation was the important prose writing in this particular age.

💥The most famous genre of the English literature in those days was drama. Elizabethan age was considered as the age of theatres. The writers like William Shakespeare was lived during this particular time.

💥The important playwrights in this age was the university wits. Thomas lodge, Christopher Marlowe and Robert Green is the persons who known as the university wits. The greatest among them was Christopher Marlow

💥Christopher Marlowe

He was the most important contemporaries of Shakespeare his important writings are. Edward II and The Jew Of Malta. His finest work was “The Tragical History Of Doctor Faustus” the most famous example for iambic pentameter was taken from this work it is “The face that lauch a thousand ships and burnt the towers of Ilium”

💥William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare is an important writer who lived in the Elizabethan age. He was born on the banks of River Avon so he was called as the Bard of Avon. He wrote a number of dramas and sonnets. Hamlet, Macbeth, Merchant of Venice, King Lear, Julius Caesar, Romeo and Juliet, Othello Antony and Cleopatra etc. He was died in 1616 and buried in Holy Trinity Church Avon

🔥King James I

💥James VI the son of mary Queen of Scots and the most nearest blood relation of Queen Elizabeth became the next Queen of England. He believed in the divine right theory. He was basically a good man. Robert Cecil Continued the policies which he followed in the days of Elizabeth this helps the king to sit in throne until the hour of his death.

💥Now a Scotsman is sitting in the English throne so the constant conflict between two countries ended and the English throne and Scottish throne was joint together. Spain also realized the power of the English nation and they ended the fights against England

💥James was a Calvinist but not a fanatic. The fanatic Puritans who lived in England makes problems to the king. They opposed the Anglican style of prayers which continued the worship style of Catholicism. James was reluctant to give freedom in England. He afraid that if he do so it might be a threat to his throne.

💥Some of the puritans left the English coast for settling in America. They are known as Pilgrim Fathers

💥In 1604 the king ordered for a new Bible translation. It is known as Authorised Version or King James Version The language which used in this translation was very simple and grand. It contains the English language as its best

💥James lifted meny anti Catholic laws and he found that there are meny Catholic priests are practicing their faith in his days also. He ordered them to leave the English shores as soon as possible. Thus Catholics planned a plot against the king which is called as the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 they planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament while the king is present in the Parliament. They filled a large load of gunpowder under the cellar of the Parliament. A young Catholic named Guy Fawkes was prepared himself the put fire to the gunpowder to kill the king. But his plan was failed and he sent into the tower. But he didn’t revealed the name of his fellow conspirators. Finally he was executed. In every November 5th the Englishmen celebrates Guy Fawkes day with fire works and barbecues

🔥James and Parliament

💥The divine right theory of James and the rights to the people which given by the magna carta was clashed against each other. Taxation was the main subject which became the reason for this clash. The king should meet the expenses of his personal matters by his own. King gets the income from mainly three sources

🔴Feudal rents

🔴Tonnage and poundage (duty paid for every ton of wine and duty paid for every merchandise imported to England)

🔴Customs duty for wool leather etc

💥Parliament was reluctant for allowing money for his extravagant lifestyle so James tried to raise money by selling monopolies. He summoned the Parliament in 1604,1610 and 1614 but in these three times it didn’t allow the money for Parliament so king didn’t summoned the Parliament until 1621

💥His faithful minister was passed away. He sent Sir. Walter Raleigh to Guiana in search for gold. But he returned as empty and and he fought against the Spaniards also. This was against the policy of the king so he executed Raleigh in front the Spanish Ambassador. It made him very unpopular among his subjects. The another unpopular act was the marriage of his son Charles with the Spanish princess. The king lifted meny anti Catholic laws for the sake of his daughter in law

💥But the marriage was not taken place because of the excessive concessions which asked by the Spanish. In this time Protestant Bohemia and Catholic Spain was at war. So Lord Buckingham sent an army to fight against Spain

💥In 1625 king passed away and his Son Charles became the next king

🔥Charles I

💥King Charles I also believed in the divine right theory. The house of commons was against any type of alliance with Catholics but lord buckingham fixed the marriage between the king and Henrietta Maria the sister of the French King. The Puritans strongly opposed this alliance because they afraid that the Queen will brought up her children in the Catholic faith

💥When the king summoned the Parliament in 1626 the commons had three very fiery and vocal leaders. Sir John Eliot, Sir. Thomas Wentworth and John Pym. They impeached Lord Buckingham king became angry and he dissolved the Parliament.

💥The Parliament was summoned again by the king and they tried to pass a bill called Petition of rights. The law instruct four things

🔴Billeting of soldiers

🔴martial law

🔴taxation

🔴imprisonment

💥These laws are passed in 1628 and they considered the persons who are paying money to the king without the permission of the Parliament as traitors.

💥Thomas Wentworth the advisor of Charles was the enemy of the rights of the commons. He became the earl of Strafford. The king sent him to rule Ireland he did it with an iron fist but the Parliament became angry while the hear this news.

💥The king arrested Sir. John Eliot and executed him.

💥The most hated act of the king was ship money which levied from people to repair the Royal navy.

💥Puritanism obtained a firm stronghold in Scotland. They favoured the Presbyterian type of Puritanical believes. The Anglican clergy decided to imply Anglicanism in Scotland forcefully so the scots raised their arms to defend their faith. It is known as Bishops wars

💥First bishop’s war between Charles and Scots was not decisive so Charles recalled the earl of Strafford from Ireland he advised the king to summon the Parliament to grant money for making a well trained army to teach Scotland a lesson.

🔥The Long Parliament

💥The long Parliament was summoned in 1640. The Parliament decided to end the unconstitutional rule of the king. The undoubted leader of the Commons was John Pym. He condemned the king for his misrule. He attacked the King’s favourites – earl of Strafford and the Canterbury Archbishop and executed without trial.

💥One act made the mandatory meeting of Parliament once in three years and instructs that the king cannot dismiss the Parliament. The three courts of the king was abolished

💥The nation was divided into two groups roundheads and royalists. Roundheads are the men of the Parliament and royalists are the men of the king.

💥Things get more worst when the Parliament decided to impeach the Catholic Queen. King decide to arrest the leaders of the commoners. He marched with 400 men into the Parliament to arrest pym, Cromwell and another leader called Hampden

💥King sent his wife and children to France and they took refuge in a french court. He stands in york with a Lionheart and finally the death knell of unconstitutional monarchy was rang

🔥The Civil war

💥The civil war was started in 1642. The middle class men from the south portion firmly stands with the Parliament. Most of the towns were against the king so he cannot raise the money for the battle. But the aristocratic men helped the king. Universities of Oxford and Cambridge even melted their gold plates for giving money to the king.

💥The battle broke out near Warwick. Prince Rupert was the person who led the Royalists. He routed the roundheads but the battle was inconclusive. King took his refuge in Oxford and he remained there for the next three years. Royalist battles was not decisive but they were able to shake the Puritan strength in most places except East Angela

💥Oliver Cromwell had organized his army with strict discipline. John pym fanatic puritan requested for the help of Scotland. In return they asked to establish Presbyterianism in England. The Scottish army arrived and joint with the Roundheads in york. York was re occupied by Prince rupert.

💥Oliver Cromwell and his well discipline army was the sharp point of the Roundheads so they called them Ironsides

💥The new model army which built by Oliver Cromwell strokes the Royalist strongholds like a storm. Finally Oxford was also surrendered and the king was captured by the Scottish army.

💥After the victory of fanatic Puritans the banned every other sects of Christianity. Anglican clergy was expelled from their parishes

💥But after the victory the roundheads are not ready to establish Presbyterianism as the religion of England so Presbyterians tried to establish that by law. Parliament tried to disband the army but the soldiers refused to disband until their payments were settle down.

💥Charles escaped from the custody of Cromwell and made secret negotiations with the Presbyterians. The Scotsmen decided to stand with Charles and fight against Cromwell but they were failed. Charles again taken as prisoner. The 100 members of the Parliament was Presbyterian so Cromwell put 50 of them in prison this incident is called as Prides Purge.

💥Cromwell Condemned Charles for death and he was executed in 1649 finally the eight years of struggle for power came to an end

🔥Oliver Cromwell and Commonwealth

💥After the death of Charles in 1649 Cromwell established a Republican model ruling system. But now one accepted this order. Both Scotland and Ireland and overseas territories of England accepted the son of Charles as the king of England. Cromwell arrived in Ireland and crushed the people those who are not ready to accept his overlordship. In 1650 Prince Charles arrived in Scotland and crowned as the Charles II of England. Cromwell marched to Scotland and killed meny people those who supports Charles. Charles left the island and took refuge in France until 1660

💥He appointed Robert Blake to make a new navy.The previous navy in England was the side of Royalists. In those days the Dutchmen was the undisputed masters of the sea. So Oliver Cromwell passed a law which instruct that the all goods which imported to England should carried in an English ship . It provoked the dutch and battle broke out between dutch and English navy. At the end the Englishmen severely damaged the dutch economy

🔥The Protectorate of Cromwell

💥In this days the Parliament gets the representation of the various parts of the British Isles. Sometimes he behaved like a despotic king. He dismissed the Parliament according to his will. All types of entertainments are banned. He revived the Anti Spanish attitude in England. He demanded that Englishmen should not be molested by the notorious Spanish Inquisition. He entered a treaty with France and the Anglo French army fought against the Spanish army.

💥In 1658 Oliver Cromwell breathed his last

💥After the death of Oliver Cromwell a man called General Monk He summoned a new Parliament called Convention Parliament and it decided to dissolve the Commonwealth and restore Monarchy.

💥Charles landed in England and became the king of England.

🔥The Restoration

💥Charles became the English king in the age of 30. He was the cleverest man in the Stuart Dyansty. He didn’t trusted anyone. He ruled the country for the sake of his subjects and Parliament. In his onwards the constitutional monarchy became the essential part of the country.

💥According to the treaty which signed by the king all the roundheads except the ones actually executed Charles I was pardoned. Army was paid off and disbanded. The lands which Cromwell captured from the lords was returned to its rightful owners. Anglican Clergy was re established in their old parishes and dioceses. The Anglican prayer book was once again reinstated in the churches. The Parliament decided to give 120,0000 pounds to the king per year to run the government.

💥After re establishing the law and order king summoned the Parliament again. It was called as Cavalier Parliament because it consists the young Royalists. It decided reserve the government jobs to the Anglicans only. It implied the common prayer book forcefully

💥In those days the puritans were also called as nonconformists. They were banned to live town or within five miles of one

💥Persecution was spread into Scotland too. Duke of Monmouth the illegitimate son of Charles and Duke of york kings brother put down the rebellion which raised in Scotland. In his period the anglo dutch relationship again came to a conflict. The Englishmen attacked and captured a dutch colony and named it as New York.

💥Five ministers of the king who known as Cabal established a triple alliance of England, Sweden and Holland against France.

💥Charles married the princess of Portugal and they give him the Bombay city as dowry. He handed over it to East India company for a good sum

💥On the other hand the king and the French king makes negotiations and decided to destroy holland. The French king paid 3 lakh pounds to the English king for joining with them. He forced Charles to became Catholic and also promised to send a troop of 6000 French soldiers to overrule the oppositions. Finally the Charles agreed with that

💥In the leadership of William of Orange the dutch fight till the end and routed the invaders. The Parliament instructs that the holy communion which given to the government officers will be in Anglican rites. It makes problems to James, kings brother because of his Catholic faith.

💥Charles appointed Earl of danby as his advisor and he found a court party which called as Tories. They were devoted to the Crown and to the Anglican Church another party was also found . It is known as Whigs it was established by the Earl of Shaftesbury.

💥The Parliament passed a law called exclusion bill which instructs that James the brother of the king will be excluded from the right to the throne. But king wouldn’t allowed such bill and Parliament wouldn’t allowed to suspend it.

💥King summoned the Parliament in Oxford and the exclusion bill never passed. After the death of the king Again a Roman Catholic came to the English throne

🔥James II and Glorious Revolution

💥James was a Catholic and he believed that its his duty to restore Catholicism in England. He appointed Catholics in the key positions and good Protestant officers were suspended. These acts relegated the popularity of the king and the whigs and Tories joint together against the king. They planned to place Mary the elder daughter of James II in the throne. She was a good Protestant and the wife of William of Orange.

💥Whig and Tori leaders singed a document which inviting William of Orange to liberate England. William marched to London. James fled from the country and took refuge in France. Mary and William became the joint rulers of England. Finally the stuart dynasty came to an end.

💥 Finally the glorious revolution in 1688 ended the Stuart Dynasty

💥After the revolution a new bill called the Bill of Rights was passed. According to this bill

🔴King cannot suspend the laws of the land

🔴King cannot keep an army

🔴King cannot interfere in the working of Parliament

🔴The king cannot be a Roman Catholic or marry a Roman Catholic

💥The Glorious Revolution put an end to the religious intolerance in England

💥Scots were not satisfied in their new king because they were not allowed to practice their religion. He abolished the Scottish Parliament and they were also began to take part of the English Parliament.

💥But Ireland accepted James II as their king so it called a war between England and Ireland. William landed in Ireland and put down the rebellion. James again fled to France. According to the treaty which signed between two parties Irish people gets the freedom to practice their religion. The relationship between Tories and James finally leads to accession of Queen Anne into the throne. Queen Anne was the daughter of King James II. But she don’t have any children so after her reign the throne passed into the hands of Dowager of Hanover. She was the Grand daughter of James I

💥Finally the Hanover dynasty was placed in the English throne and they are still ruling the United Kingdom.

🔥Society and Literature in the days of Stuarts

💥 In the days of Stuarts the younger men and unemployed craftmen looks to the new lands for their survival. The Puritans also turned their eyes into the new lands

💥Meny companies were established and the companies like East India Company was flourished in the days of Stuarts. East India company was allowed to do their affairs by their own

💥After the restoration the theatres were open and the people continued enjoying plays

🔥Literary Scene

💥The Literary scene in the days of James I was the same in the days of Elizabeth

💥Writers like John Milton are lived in the Puritan age. Elegies and Pastoral Elegies were written. His most famous book was Paradise lost

💥another important writer was John Bunyan. He wrote a famous book called Pilgrims Progress which tells the story of a men who named Christian Travels from the city of sin to city of salvation

💥John Donne was the next important poet who lived in that age. He was famous for his Epigrammatic style of writing

🔥The Restoration Comedy

💥In the days of Charles the theatres were open. The important types in drama in that age was restoration comedy and restoration tragedy.

There are three elements in restoration comedy.Manners Humor and Intrigue (Intrigue – the practice of engaging in secret schemes)

Comedy of manners was the important subgenre of Restoration Comedy. It deals with the follies and weaknesses of the upper class people. Physical seduction and extra marital affairs of the people are showed in this type of drama

Examples : Love in the wood,The old bachelor

🔵4th Module (Incomplete)

💥 It is William Shakespeare who called England as “A precious stone set in the silver sea” in his play Richard 2nd

💥United Kingdom is a Union of four countries England, Northern Ireland,Scotland and Wales

💥The British islands was called by different names by different people. It had been called as Britannia by Romans.

💥 It was called as Great Britain because of the great British Empire which sun never sets

💥 Wales was joined with England in 1536 and an act of union unified Scottish and English Crowns in 1707. But the Irishmen are not ready to accept the English domination and finally they gained independence in 1921 but the northern Ireland is still part of the United Kingdom.

💥 British island was the eight largest island in the world. The English channel separating it from Europe.

💥The Demographic strength of England is several times larger than the Wales,Scotland and Northern Ireland

💥 Today there are 58.5 million people living in this tiny island

⚔️⚔️⚔️⚔️⚔️⚔️⚔️⚔️⚔️⚔️⚔️⚔️⚔️⚔️⚔️⚔️

💥St. George is considered as the patron saint of England. He is one of the most popular saints in the world.he is the patron saint of various countries in the world such as England, Russia, Ukraine, Portugal etc and he was the patron saint of the three important empires also. The British Empire, The Russian Empire and The Portuguese Empire.

💥 The red cross in The British flag is used to indicate st. George the X shaped red cross is used to represent St. Patrick and the X shaped white cross is used represent St. Andrew the Apostle of Christ

💥 St. George is considered as a crusader and the red cross was a sign which marked on the uniform of the Crusaders

💥 The national emblem and national flower of England is Tudor Rose

💥The patron saint of Wales is St.David. March 1st is considered as his feast day and it is an unofficial holiday in Wales

💥 Red color and a Welsh dragon is the key elements in Welsh flag

💥The patron saint of Ireland is St. Patrick and his feast day is celebrated on march 17. The emblem of Ireland was shamrock. The three in one leaf supposed to used to explain Holy Trinity.Ireland is the second largest island in United Kingdom. The Irish language was promoted in the time of Irish revolution by Great writers like YB yeats and still have been in use According to the census taken in 2016 40% of Irish people are still using the Irish language

💥 Scotland is the another important part of the United Kingdom. It had its own vocabulary and Dialect. Scots have their own legal and educational system and they had a strong Protestant tradition. They have their own national poet. Robert Burns is considered as the national poet of Scotland and his birthday is celebrated in all parts of Scotland. It is celebrating in January 24