Harmony of Prose 3rd sem notes
🔵1st Module
🔥 Of Truth
💥 Francis Bacon is a versatile genius of 16th Century. He was a lawyer, essayist and politician. He wished to serve his nation and Church.
💥In this essay Bacon analyses the theological and philosophical context of Truth and value of the truth in human life
💥The first part of essay says about liars and the second part says about the truthful people. He says some people say lies because they don’t know the truth.
💥 Roman Governer Pilate asking what is Truth after he condemns Jesus to death.
( Jesus answered, My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight, that I should not be delivered to the Jews: but now is my kingdom not from hence.
Pilate therefore said unto him, Art thou a king then? Jesus answered, Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice.
Pilate saith unto him, What is truth? And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews, and saith unto them, I find in him no fault at all.
John 18:36-38)
💥 some people say lies to make their lives more beautiful. Bacon criticising some poets also. They are purposefully writing lies to make their poems more attractive. Merchants saying lies to sell their sell their goods.
💥Then bacon explains about why people are saying lies. Truth is like sunlight. It may perhaps come to the price of a pearl. But it will not rise to the price of a diamond because pearl is showing what it is.But diamond is reflecting light and makes an unreal attraction for itself. Bacon using pearl as the symbol of truth and diamond as the symbol of lie.
💥 According to Bacon a mixture of lie will add pleasure. It will give vain opinions, flattering hopes, false values etc but it will leave the minds after gifting melancholy and indisposition.
💥 The liars will speak attractively. But the truth seekers will be isolated and they will not have more and more friends. People likes liars.
💥The second part is detailing about the truth seekers. A real man should forgave the trespasses of others and they should live without pride. Truth is strong and it is unmovable.
💥Next paragraph says about the philosophical argument about the nature of truth and how it is related to poetry.The Church Fathers like St. Jerome and St. Augustine called poetry as the devils wine because it was filled with imaginations. But it had a shadow of lie. Poetry gives false ideas into the minds of the people. Speaker considering truth as the most important thing a human should have.
💥 The first creation of God was the light of the sense ( And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. – Genesis 1:3). The last creation of God was the light of reason (Ability to think logically, Wisdom Bacon says the Sabbath day is the illumination of his Spirit ( every Saturday is considered as the Sabbath day by Jews and every Sunday by Christians. It is the day that Lord God completed his creations and retreated from his work.). His first and last creations were light and the day which he take rest is also considered as the light of his spirit. God breathed light into the chaos ( Holy Bible says “And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.—Genesis 1:2”). Then he breathed light into the face of man and still he breathing and inspired light into the faces of his chosen ( God sending his Holy Spirit to his chosen)
💥 The speaker says it is pleasurable to see the battle from the top of a Castle. It is pleasurable to stand in the shore and see the ships tossed upon the sea. But no pleasure is comparable to the standing upon the vantage ground of truth.A man who stands in the vantage ground of truth can see the errors and wanderings of the world with pity not with pride. According to Bacon a man’s mind which move in charity, rest in Providence and turn upon the poles of truth is the heaven upon the Earth
💥 In the last paragraph Bacon starts explaining about the truth of civil business. The mixture of falsehood is like alloy in coin of gold and silver. It helps the metal to work better but it embaseth (മൂല്യം കുറച്ചു കളയുന്നു) it. Same in the case of humans also. Lies are like alloys it helps to work better but it embaseth the value. Crooked courses are like serpent which moves in belly not feet. ( In Bible God cursed serpent to crawl for the rest of his life as a curse for lying to man.). The most shameful thing is to be found as false and untrustworthy. According to Montaigne (French philosopher lived during the French Renaissance age) saying lie is a disgraceful act.
💥According to Montaigne a liar is brave towards God and a coward towards men. Lying goes against God and fear towards other people which is why it is considered as disgraceful. The sentence highlighting the negative impact of lying and the importance of honesty.
💥Lying is a sin against both God and Humanity The speaker believes that lying and breaking trust is one of the worst forms of wickedness and that it will ultimately lead to divine judgment. In the last lines again Bacon quotes Bible. Its foretold that “When Christ Comes he shall not find faith upon the earth” because of evil.
🔥Meditations in Westminster abbey
💥Joseph Addison was born in Milston wiltshire. As a pioneer of classical essays he contributed nearly four hundred essays. His essays are spiced with humor and tinged with irony. Meditations in westminster Abbey is a reflective essay in this essay Addison gives an account of thoughts passing through the mind of mr. Spectator a member of an imaginary club called The Spectators club.
💥 Author is considering Westminster abbey as a place of gloominess. The Solemnity of the Building and the condition of the people is able fill the mind with a kind of melancholy.
💥one day he passed a whole afternoon in the churchyard and met the various tombstones and burial places. Most of the tombstones recorded nothing else of the buried person except the dates of his birth and death. The whole history of a man is recorded between this two dates. This inspired the author to remember about the several persons mentioned in the battles of heroic poems. They are remembered for killing others and be killed by someone. Finally the history these men are being a part of Holy Writings.
💥 The second paragraph explains about how death makes men equal. People from different social status and age groups are laying together in that Ancient Cathedral. Men and women, friends and enemies, priests and soldiers were crumbled and blended together in the same common mass
💥 He found several monuments which are raised in every quarter of that Cathedral. It is filled by extravagant epitaphs (writings in the tombstone). He humorously comments that if the dead person gets the personal knowledge about the description in his tomb stone, he will blush at that praises
💥Some people are written the character of the person in Hebrew and Greek so it is not understandable by the common man (Hebrew is the Holy Language of Jews and Christians and Greek is one of the important classical language)
💥In the poetical quarter he found the poets who had no monuments and monuments which had no poets
💥 The narrator is not satisfied in the modern epitaphs which are written with great elegance of justness.(The modernity referred here is about the 16th century. Not our timeline). A foreigner understands the politeness and ignorance of a nation from their public monuments and inscriptions. He is giving the example of Sir. Cloudesly Shovel’s tomb. He was a great English Admiral but his tomb stone described him in a very weird manner. He is represented on his tomb by the figure of a beau ( fashionable man). Really he is a gallant man. The inscription in his tomb stone is only describing about his death. His brave actions for the sake of motherland is ignored.
💥 He is praising the Dutchmen for showing an infinitely taste of antiquity and politeness in their buildings. The monuments of their admirals are adorned with rostral crowns (beak of a ship) and naval ornaments. It is decorated by beautiful festoons of seaweed and shells
💥 He lefts the Tomb of English Kings. He knows that the entertainments of the nature can raise dark and gloomy thoughts into the minds. But the author don’t know what is the reason for melancholy. He can looks into the deep and solemn scenes of the nature with the same pleasure when he gets while he looks into its delightful scenes. This helps him to improve himself to looks into the situations which others considering as terrifying.
💥The last paragraph explains about the transience of life and the meaninglessness in our rivalries. When the Narrator take a look into the dates inscribed in the tomb stones he understand that some of them are died yesterday and some before six hundred years. Death makes them contemporaries
🔥Dream Children
💥Charls Lamb was an English essayist and critic. He was born in London. He was a contemporary of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He became a clerk at East India House (headquarters of east india company. In 1808 he published the childrens version of odyssey called the adventures of Ulysses.
💥His writing style is highly personal and mannered. His essays are filled with humor and pathos (evoking pity or compassion)
💥The theme of dream children is regret and loss. Regret for unfulfilled joy, love and lost hope. Lambs great grandmother Field and his cousin John died painfully. Love and care what he missed most was their presence. The second topic expressing regret and loss of his beloved Alice. Finally their relationship became a failure
💥One of his dream child is named also as Alice and this makes the narrator confused
💥The third topic is children never were born.
💥The essay says about the dream children of Charls Lamb. He says children love to listen the story of their elders. One day his little once asked the narrator to say their great grandmothers story. She lived in a huge mansion in Norfolk. The tragic story of two children and their cruel uncle was happened in that place. It is carved out in wood upon the chimney piece of the great hall. A foolish person named Robin Redbreasts pull it down and replaced it with a marble one.
💥Then the author introducing his first dream child Alice. Then the author begins to say about how religious and good their great grandmother field was. She was respected by everybody. She was not the owner of that huge mansion but only a caretaker. But she lived like the owner of that house and kept up its dignity. But it began to decay and finally it pull downed and all its decorations are carried away to an another house of the owner and set up there. Narrator comments that “where they were set up and looks as awkward as if someone were to carry away the old tombs they had seen lately at the abbey and stick up in Lady C.’s tawldry gilt drawing room” after hearing this his second dream child John smiled and say “that would be foolish indeed”
💥When his grandmother Field died her funeral ceremony was attended by a huge crowd to show their respect for her memory. As such a religious woman she knew all psalms by heart and a great part of New Testament.
💥In her youth she was a dancer but cancer catch her and bowed her with pain. But it could never bent her good spirits.
💥She believed that an apparition of two infants was to be seen at midnight gliding up and down the great staircase. But that two infants never do any harm to her. But the narrator was frightened and he slept with his maid because he is not religious and good like his grandmother. Actually he didn’t saw that infants
💥 The narrator spent hours in gazing upon the old busts of 12 Ceasars. He feels like that old busts would seem to live again or he is turning into marble with them.
💥The narrator roamed in that huge mansion and its compounds. He spent most of his time in the spacious old gardens. He didn’t pluck any of the fruits from that garden. He collected all fruits which fells down. He explaining the nostalgic feel of that place
💥his children are happy by hearing this beautiful story, they are smiling and looking here and there
💥Then author says the story of John their uncle and his brother. His brother John was very brave. He was handsome, he likes horse riding. He loved that old house and its gardens.
💥 When the author was a lame footed boy his brother carried him a mile but when his brother became a lame footed boy he didn’t helps him. It haunted him a lot.Author understands how much he loves his brother. While hearing this story Alice and John began to cry. So author changed the story.
💥 He says how much they loved each other for a long seven years. Then he looks into the face of his daughter Alice. He gets confused that is this his daughter Alice or his lover Alice. Then the children began to speak
💥they said “We are not Alice or you or even children. They are only dreams “ Then they disappeared. Author waked up from his dream and he realized that it is a dream.
💥The essay deeply blending reality with imagination. The descriptions of the dream children and their actions are perfect. The whole essay speaks about the dream of the narrator. Incidents happened in this essay was only a dream. Only the last part is says about reality.
🔵2nd Module
🔥Forgetting
💥 Robert Lynd was an Anglo Irish writer and essayist. He joined in Daily news in 1908. His essays are highly personal. It reveals his personal likes and dislikes on variety oof subjects. Lynd exposes the frailties (ദുർബലത) and foibles (ബലഹീനത) of mankind in a very simple, humorous and satirical manner. Unity of though, felicity of diction and spontaneity of utterance are marked as his writing style.
💥In this essay he writes about the root causes of forgetting. And explains what items are usually forgotten by people. He says in some matters human memory works less than its usual perfection and the common forgetfulness is in posting letters. The possession of a great memory is a great advantage for all people. He satirically comments that,the statesmen have extraordinary bad memories.
💥 The efficiency of human memory is wondering him. Modern man remembers even telephone numbers. He remembers the addresses of his friends. He remembers the date or good vintages. He remembers appointments for lunch and dinner. Our memory is crowded with the names of actors and actresses, cricketers and footballers and murderers. In our ordinary life we remembers almost everything that he is expected to remember. People didn’t forget a single clothing item when they are dressing in the morning. Almost everybody remembering to do the right things at the right moment.
💥 Poet considering forgetness as a result of absent mindedness.
💥 In some matters memory works with less than its usual perfection. He says who can remember to take medicine his doctor has prescribed to him. It is a surprising thing because medicine should be one of the easiest thing to remember. It is supposed to be taken before or after meals so the meals should be a reminder to it but we forget it. Only a Methodical man can remember it correctly (ചിട്ടയോടെ ജീവിക്കുന്നയാൾ)
💥Psychologists tell us that we forget things because we wished to forget them. They says we forget to take medicine because of the antipathy (dislike to take medicine)
💥 Chemists make their fortune out of the medicines people forget to take
💥 The commonest form of forgetfulness occurs in the matter of posting letters. Most of the people forgetting to post it. After some days the person who gives the letter to post will came and question us
💥 when travelling in trains people will remember all of their things except books and walking sticks. But the author do not have this habit. He only forget umbrellas!
💥youngsters are forgetting things more than adults. The sports men have worse memories rather than others. They forget to their footballs and cricket bats from the train. The author says their mind is still in the playground it is the reason behind it. He calls them as day dreamers. That lose of memory is a tribute for their enjoyment. He says who would have trusted Socrates or Coleridge to post a letter. They had souls above such things
💥He says the statesmen had extraordinary bad memory. He is giving an example of two statesmen explaining about the same event. Two of them will tell us the description given by the other is wrong. Either he had a bad memory or he is an audacious perverter (സത്യത്തെ വളച്ചൊടിക്കുന്നയാൾ)
💥The last paragraph says about the ordinary good memory. The person who doesn’t have it will be counted as eccentric. He gives an example of a father. He tooks his baby in a perambulator on the way he went to a public house. His wife came in that root and finds her baby. She became furious and she took her baby with her and go home. But the father completely forgot about the baby. He arrived home and asked “well my dear what’s for lunch today”. Then writer asking that, how meny men below the rank of a philosopher will have this kind of absentmindness?
🔥 Shakespeare’s sister
💥Virginia Woolf was considered as a major figure in the modernist movement. She continued to make significant contribution to the development of the novel. Woolf stated that “a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction”
💥 Shakspears sister is an extract from A room of ones own. Using her imaginative skill woolf creates a fictional sister for Shakespeare and portrays the educational, social and financial disadvantages and prejudices against which women have struggled throughout history.
💥 First part of the essay says about the relationship between women and literature in the Elizabethan Era. All the writers in those times are men. The women in the society didn’t have any consideration but the women in literature had their own identity and character. This though inspired the author to thinks about an imaginary sister for Shakespear.
💥Narrator addresses the sister of Shakespear as Judit. Shakespeare himself went the grammar school and learnt Latin, Grammar, Ovid, Virgil and Horace and elements of grammar and logic. He was a wild boy he married early and they have a child also. But he interested drama so he went to London and brought up as a dramatist.
💥But his poor sister she was forced to learn cooking and tailoring. She is also like Shakespear but she don’t get any opportunities. She learnt Horace and Virgil alone. If the parents came and see this they will definitely shout at her. When her marriage was fixed she opposed it but she wa severely beaten. So she escaped to London
💥She was interested in drama. So she asked to act but the men laughed at her. They wouldn’t give a chance to her.
💥At last a manager named Nick Greene feels pity on her but she get pregnant from him. Finally she killed herself to escape from this great humiliation. She was buried in an unknown place and nobody built any monument for her
💥 In those days a woman like the sister of shakespear cannot get the chance to show herself because of her gender. How can we say that there is no woman haves the talent like shakespear? Who wrote the folk songs and ballads which we heard today. May be it came from a woman but her name was never written in any place.
💥Chastity is very important for a woman she should protect it in any cause. If a lady overwhelm these problems and starts writing, then what happens? She will not get any attention or recognition. So meny lady writers wrote their works and published it by using pen names of men. But by this act these writers silently supported the patriarchy in literature.
💥A woman will not have her own room she don’t have money. She is depending others for all things. Society considering the writer in a woman as their enemy. A woman writer is facing this same problems in the nineteenth century also.
🔥The Beauty Industry
💥Aldous Leonard Huxley was a classical scholar and writer. He was the grandson of Thomas Huxley. He began his literary career as a poet. In the beauty industry Huxley satirice women of modern world who indulge themselves in the habit of using excess cosmetics to show themselves beautiful. He differentiates between artificial beauty and real beauty. Artificial beauty is only skin deep beauty like China porcelain that looks like beautiful outward and gives a stink smell inwardly
💥 In 1930 a great depression in the economic field was happened. But the American beauty industry was unshakable in those days also. In those times American women spent 3 million pounds a week for buying beauty products. In a year 1.56 Billion pounds, it is more than twice revenue of India!
💥 In the case of wealth America is more superior than Europe. But just like America the beauty industries developed in Europe also. It is because of advertisements
💥There are some reasons for the development of the beauty industry. Women have the right to take care their body and beautify it. They are beautifying their body to attract others to them. Nobody can question them. This is the important reason for the development of beauty industry. Author advising the modern women to learn lessons from their grandmothers. They wouldn’t used any cosmetics and they were not beauty conscious also.
💥He gives an example of two British nurses. They have the power to wear any type of clothes and take of their body as they likes. They are doing their work and they were not beauty conscious also. But an another nurse came to that hospital. She very different from the first two. She is very beauty conscious and beau. This story is a best example for how the beauty industry is developing in a nation
💥 Now the Westerners didn’t bothering about the Christian concept of simplicity. They are simply enjoying their lives
💥Then author says about the results of modern cult of beauty. It helps the old and middle age women to get back to the beauty which they had in their youth.
💥 Then he starts explaining about the beauty and ugliness. He calls health as beauty and decease as ugliness. If a person had real beauty he had a good health also. The real beauty lives inside of a person. The beauty of mind is the real beauty. He gives an example of a pot. It may be beautiful in outside but we don’t know what is inside of it
💥Then the narrator began to speak about the psychological ugliness. We cannot judge a person by only knowing about his physical appearance. This is why the beauty contests are judging the inner beauty of the contestents also. It is a good example for the importance of inner beauty.
💥He gives an example of two American women. They covered themselves with cosmetics to cover their inner ugliness. All men and women are beautiful. The harmonious life of a person is the only way to understand whether he or she is beautiful or not
🔵 3rd Module
🔥The eternal silence of these infinite crowds
💥 Nirad C Chaudari was born on 1897 November in the British Raj. He lived in Delhi before settling in England. The article “The Eternal silence of Infinite Crowds is from his famous work A passage to England.
💥 the essay speaks about the mannerism and customs of England and the Silence in the British streets. Essay written in a very satirical and realistic way
💥He says whenever he visit England he will be accompanied by an English friend. They are knowned for their reserved nature. They will not came to speek to us. He calls this silence as notorious silence.
💥They will not enact as a familiar person to an unknown one but we indians are not like that.
💥The Indian situation is direct opposite to it. In India the coldness came after the introduction. But the Englishmen is though before we became familiar to them
💥the people those belongs to the upper strata is not like that. But this essay is going to speek about the public behavior of the Britishers
💥 Indians expressing kindness and love in public. But in private social relationships it is not like that. We will show our original behavior to the people in our private social relationships
💥Indians is the people of noise. It is the part of our life but the Englishmen are not like that. They are silent in their public behavior.
💥 The silent habits of the English people discussed in a news paper by an Indian who came after a trip in England. He is comparing the public behavior of the Englishmen to the coldness of Icebergs in artic ocean
💥 speaker says the life in london like a silent movie. It is one of the most populated city in the world but there is a pin drop silence in everywhere. Even the pubs were also silent. Whether the crowd is big or small there is silence everywhere
💥 the narrator is sitting in a restaurant and open up a conversation but the Englishman who sit near to him is not like to speak so that Englishman politely ended the conversation
💥The Englishmen know their behavior is bad but they were not bother about that. This is the first experience for the narrator but the world know that the Englishmen is like this so it doesn’t make any expression. The Frenchmen continuously complaint about this but the English were not bothering
💥 the narrator don’t have a car when he visits England so he used public transport. The public transport vehicles are the best way to know about the behavior of a society. The experience he got in England is very different from the experience he got from India. We leans about the other person who stand near to us. The situation in England is not like this. They will not disturb anyone those who stand near to them and they didn’t allow anyone to disturb them also. But in india we are considering the other person who stands near to us as a cushion. If anyone speaks against this bad attitude he will be isolated and humiliated by the other passengers. In India if anyone wants to know time and they don’t have a watch they will simply take ups the other passengers left arm and looks at his wrist watch. The narrator faced this situation meny times in his life
💥the Indian buses are filled with full of conversations it may be public or private. The jokes are loud and hearty. These are quite normal things in India. One day a fellow passenger takes his sola topee (turban) and says it is larger than his head. Narrator replied that it is not bigger than his turban. Then the passenger who tells this says it is a joke and not said to offend him.
💥 One day the narrator was travelling in a bus suddenly he get an irritation at the back of his neck so he moves his neck. A fellow passenger asked that is this a habit or decease. Narrator replied what is habit or disease. Then the gentleman mimicked him exactly after his action the narrator said this is his habit not a decease. The fellow man replied he is thought so too
💥passenger also help one another about the best way to get to a destination. In india if anyone buy and reads a newspaper the fellow passengers also want to read it. The same incident happen when a passenger reads Gita. A fellow passenger asked him to give that Holy book but he is not willing to give. It provoked the other man and he said ‘you have got a holy book and you behave like this’
💥 In north india people didn’t leave bus after it arrived in the bus stop. There is meny meny issues happening when travelling in the bus. People will discuss their personal matters in the bus and sometimes they will make quarrels also.One day a woman tried to commit suicide by jumping outside of the bus. In an another day a driver get down from the bus,went of into the Edward Park and lie down on the grass
💥 Westerners is not like this. Indians will help financially the unknown persons but the Westerners is not like that
💥In Delhi the buses on certain routes come at intervals of 20 minutes or more and they are irregular also. One day an elderly gentleman came along with his family and he asked that how can he go to the red fort. Narrator helps that elderly man. He became very happy and introduced himself. He was a visitor from the town. He pointed to a young girl and said she is her daughter and she is studying in BA and he is thinking about her marriage. After introducing his daughter he introduced his son too. After that he said they are coming from the house of Pandit Jawharlal Nehru where they had his dharshan (Ceremonial interaction of the PM with the citizens)
💥The elderly gentleman said that the last time he had visited Delhi was two years before. It was for a lawsuit (case). He begins the story. His mother was died some years ago and his father who was old at the time started living with a concubine (prostitute). He and his brothers doesn’t mind it but their father brought that lady into their ancestral house. He and his brothers strongly opposed this. It provoked the father and he said that he would not give anything from the family property. This was the reason for the lawsuit. But the Judge advised them to solve the problem in the outside of the court. At this point the bus came in view so the narrator prepared for move.
💥The elderly man asked for his name address. Narrator asked why he is asking such details. He replied that he want to send him some mangoes from his own orchard and that they were very good. But the narrator politely refused that request. Then the bus arrived and narrator entered into the bus
💥 These incidents clearly showing the distinction between the public behavior of Indians and Englishmen.
🔥Sharing The World
💥Amartya Sen is an indian economist who was awarded the nobel prize in 1998 in Economics. He was educated in Presidency college Calcutta. He find his occupation in Harvard University as a professor of Economics
💥 In this essay the author stresses about that the goal of globalisation cannot be concerned only with commodity relations. The focus should be on making the benefits of globalization more fairly distributed. The nature of market outcome is massively influenced by public policies in education, epidemiology (study about the spread of a decease in a society), land reform, micro credit facilities, appropriate legal protection etc.
💥 Essay discussing about globalization. Globalization is a process to develop the global economy by International trade. Societies people, companies and governments are interacting and integrating. The aim of globalization is the production and distribution without any boundaries
💥The concept of Amartya Sen about Globalization
According to him globalization is neither new nor entirely western nor a curse but its benefits are not shared fairly.
💥Globalization was emerged soon after the Colonial age. It emerged in America and other western countries supported it. So people misunderstood that the globalization is an another form of neo imperialism but Amartya Sen says it is not like that. It is good if we utilise it properly.
💥 It is not a new idea. It is the new form of barter system. We exchange goods to each other. Then he says that it is not a curse. He says if we utilise it properly it will became a boon (വരം) to us.
💥But it had a dark side also. The benefits of Globalization didn’t shared properly we should over come that.
🔴 First Paragraph
💥Essay written as five parts. First part says about the importance of interdependence and what is the importance of it in globalization. The term global justice also means the same. Globalization cannot be concerned with commodity relations, while shunning the relation of minds. Other wise it became a great injustice. The most poorest man should get the benefits of globalization
💥 When people talk about “justice,” they often say that it’s not enough to do the right thing, but it must also be clear to everyone that the right thing was done. This idea also applies to globalization, which is when countries around the world become more connected through trade and other activities. Globalization can be very helpful for many people, but not everyone agrees that it’s a good thing. This disagreement is a problem that needs to be understood better. It’s important to think about how people talk about these issues and try to find common ground. We need to remember that globalization is not just about money and goods, but it’s also about people and ideas.
💥Justice should manifestedly and undoubtedly be seen to be done
🔴Second paragraph
💥 Second paragraph says about the Distribution of benefits. Distribution of benefits are the most important thing. Its benefits can be fairly distributed despite of their caste, creed, class or any distinction. But unfortunately only the rich people gets the benefits and they became more and more rich. And the poor people are still poor.
💥The poor people are standing outside of its benefits their economic situation didn’t allowing them to enjoy the benefits of globalization. Today if an individual who living in a third world nation wishing to buy an American product simply he can do that because of globalization but the financial situation of them are not allowing them to do that. That is Amartya sen is said here.
💥The United Nations wanted a report about how countries depend on each other. It’s important that people can understand how the report talks about how money and trade works between countries. Globalization has helped many parts of the world, but it’s important that everyone shares in the benefits. People in poor countries want modern things like medicine and access to markets, but it’s hard for them to get it. People who are against globalization want things to be fair. We need to make sure everyone benefits, not just some people.
🔴Third paragraph
💥 The writer is talking about whether globalisation is good or bad for poor people. Some people say that poor people are getting poorer, but this is not always true. It depends on which indicators you use to measure economic success. Sometimes, poor people do benefit from globalisation if their country has good policies like education and healthcare. On the other hand, some people say that poor people are getting richer because of globalisation. But even if poor people are getting richer, it doesn’t mean that they are getting a fair share of the benefits. The writer thinks that the important question to ask is whether the distribution of benefits is fair or not. Just because everyone benefits from cooperation, it doesn’t mean that the benefits are being shared fairly.
🔴Fourth Paragraph
💥The author argues that people should focus on whether everyone is getting a fair share of the benefits from the global economy, rather than just whether the poor are benefiting. They believe that it is possible to make changes to the global economy to make it more fair without destroying it completely. However, they say that these changes will require altering the economic and social conditions that determine how the market works. They also argue that public policies in areas such as education and healthcare can have a big impact on the outcomes of the market economy. Finally, they say that it is important to protest against the problems with the global economy, but that the protests should focus on real issues and not imaginary ones.
🔴Fifth Paragraph
💥 The world has many problems, and many of them are caused by the way the world is organized. Some things need to change to make things more fair, like trade agreements and how debts are handled. There are also problems caused by things that people do, like making it hard for poor countries to sell things to rich countries, or making it hard for sick people to get medicine. And there is a big problem with countries selling weapons to each other, which causes a lot of wars and makes things worse for poor countries. Fixing all these problems is a big job that everyone needs to work on together.
🔥A Flowering Tree
💥A.K Ramanujan was an Indian poet and scholar of Indian Literature who wrote in both English and Kannada. He was born in British Raj and completed a brief teaching career in India. Then move on to US and became the professor of Linguistics and Dravidian studies.
💥A flowering tree is a story Written by A.K Ramanujan. The story says about the vulnerabilities of a woman in the private sphere of the home.
💥The story tells about a king who hade three children. Two daughters and one son. The older daughter was married. The same town there is an old woman lived with her two daughters. She did menial jobs to feed and clothe her daughters. When girls reached puberty the younger sister said she wants to help her mother
💥she said the her sister that she is going to became a flowering tree. Then her sister asked how it can be possible. She didn’t replied to that question but she tells her sister to sweep and wash the entire house then take a bath, go to the well and bring two pitchers full of water.
💥The elder sister heard carefully and done what she said.
💥Then the younger one said to pour the water over her while she meditate, then she will became a flowering tree,and pluck flowers as much they want without breaking a single sprout,and pour the another pitcher of water over her then she will became a person again.
💥Elder one obayed what her sister asked and they collected flowers as much they want. Then the elder one asked where they will sell this all.
💥They decided to sell the flowers in palace of the King. They reached the palace and the princess compelled her mother to buy the flowers. And the sisters get a handful of coins. They sold flowers for five days and earn five handful of coins.
💥One day the prince saw these flowers and asked that where these flowers came from. He hatched the girl and followed her but he didn’t find a flowering tree in anywhere. So he hide behind a tree and saw what is really happening there
💥He came straight home and lay down on his bed. He didn’t speak any word. His family members and friends asked that what happened to him.
💥Finally he says what happened. He explains the incidents he saw in that old woman’s house. The ministers son reported this all to the King and king called that old woman and forwarded a marriage proposal for his son.
💥That old woman went to her home and starts beating her daughters. The Children didn’t understand why they were beaten. They asked to their mother why she is scolding them. She replied that how did the king knew about them. Then they told these stories to their mother and she asked how they are doing such things and she continued beating. Finally they demonstrated how they are doing this.
💥Next day the King’s men arrived and asked to fix a date for marriage. They fix a date for marriage according to wish of the king and the wedding arrangement began.
💥Their marriage was held on and finally the family left the couple alone in a separate house. But the groom didn’t speak anything to the bride and finally he said he will talk to her after she done what he is asking.
💥 He asked her to turn as a flowering tree
💥She said she is neither demon nor goddess how can a human can do such things. Then the prince said he saw that she is doing that before their marriage
💥 Finally she agreed to do what her husband demands and said pluck all the flowers you want but not pluck any sprout and leafs.
💥She turned as a flowering tree and he plucks the flower and poured the water and she became human again. They covered themselves with these flowers and repeated it in for several days.
💥One day kings daughter saw the flowers they withered like a hill. One day kings daughter finds the secret of these flowers and asked her mother to take her sister in law to surahonne orchard. Reluctantly the queen sent her daughter in law with her daughter.
💥While playing in the orchard she suddenly stopped playing and asked her sister in law to became a flowering tree. But Her sister in law became angry and she replied who told this nonsense to her. Finally she agreed to became a tree. But the silly girls poured water here and there so she became a half tree. In the evening thunderstorms were began and by the greed to get flowers they took leafs and sprouts and branches also. They were hurry to go home so they poured second pitcher of water here and there. When the princess changed from the tree to woman she became a woman without hands and feet and she had a half body also.
💥When the King’s daughter came alone home her mother asked her where is her sister in law. Queen panicked when she heard a careless reply from her daughter
💥After some hours the prince came and talked to her mother and enquired about his wife. She said “she went to the orchard to play on the swings and never came back”. Fifteen days passed. Actually the palace servants daily saw her but they wouldn’t realized her. But one day a servant said about her to the Queen but the queen also didn’t realize her.
💥The servants brought her into the palace and treated her well. Finally the prince found her from his elder sisters palace. He ordered to bring two pitchers of water without touching them with fingernails. The half woman lady asked to fix the broken branches and leaves then pour the second pitcher.
💥He poured the water on her from the first pitcher. She became a tree. But the branches had been broken, the leaves had been torn. He fixed these all and poured the second pitcher.
💥Then she went and woke up and tells the whole story to the Queen. The king overjoyed at the return of his long lost son and daughter in law. After hearing these stories the king poured seven barrels of burning lime into a pit and threw his youngest daughter into it. All people saw it and say.”After all every wrong has its punishment
💥The story written in the form a folktale. The protagonist of the story is a poor women. After a long period of sufferings she gets a good life but it was stolen by her sister in law but her lovely husband finds her.
💥The prince is the another important character in this story. He is brave,lovely and loyal to his wife.
💥Next important characters are the King and Queen. The writer presented them as the ideal rulers. The interaction between the king and the old lady proves it. The king is a person of justice also. He doesn’t allow his love towards her daughter to triumph over his sense of Justice.
💥Another important Character is the younger and elder sisters of the prince. The Elder sister is also presented as a good character. But the younger sister is a person of evil. She did a mistake and tries to cover it.
💥Old lady and the elder sister of the protagonist is the other two characters. Old lady was poor in his wealth and she is trying to seek less attention from the society may be she may inferior about her financial situation. The elder sister of the protagonist was seen in the first part of the story.
💥All characters are nameless
🔵4th Module
🔥Nation Language
💥Nation language was written by a Caribbean writer named Edward Kamau Brathwaite. He was a poet, historian, literary critic etc. He was an education officer and a lecturer in the universities of west Indies.
💥This essay is speaking about the English language that spoken by the carribean people. He is trying to trace out its emergence.
💥 The word nation language is purposely used by the author for differentiating it from the Dialect. According to the author the dialects were considered as inferior by the Englishmen.
💥 In the first paragraph he describes the discovery of America and the arrival of Spain into the new world. The native American people were faced wholesale destruction under the Spanish imperial rule.
💥The shortage of workers raised as a problem in the new world colonies of Europe and it leads to African slave trade.
💥Europeans imports slaves from there African colonies to solve this problem. The African slaves were mainly from the kingdoms of Ashanti, Congo and Yoruba.
💥Their mother tongue were submerged by the colonial masters and they forced their slaves to speak European languages. This became the reason of the evolution of the Caribbean English.
💥 The situations and climate in Europe and in the Caribbean islands were totally different. So they cant completely understand the books which were written in the English background because they were not familiar with it
💥 The author criticising the educational system in the Caribbean islands also. The English literature which were written by the English authors only have space in the Caribbean textbooks. So they understand the concept in a very different manner.
💥 The specialities of the Caribbean islands are discussed in the next paragraphs. The Caribbean English is largely ignores the pentameter because it was strongly influenced by the mother tongue of the African people
💥The Caribbean English is not a standard and imported one. The author purposely uses the term Nation language. Because he considered the term dialect is used to mock people
💥He says the the Caribbean English is like a Howl or a machine gun or the wind. It is English and African at the same time.
💥The Caribbean English is an oral tradition. The sounds are also playing a significant role in Caribbean English.
💥The Caribbean English employs dactyl instead of Iambic Pentameter ( The Stressed, Unstressed, Unstressed sound pattern is called as dactyl and the Unstressed, Stressed sound pattern is called as Iambic pentameter) it follows a different syllabic pattern
🔥 In praise of a Humble Comma
💥 Pico lyer is the author of this essay. He was born in England of Indian parents. Educated in Oxford. He traveled through various places in the world and wrote some travelogs. In this essay he speaks about the punctuation marks.
💥In the first paragraph he speaks about comma. Comma is very important but people don’t care about it. We considered it as a slip of a thing, a pendents tick etc.
💥Punctuation marks are acting as road signs. It is the thing that controls our communication. We need punctuation marks to control speeds, provide directions and prevent head on collisions.Punctuations establishing relations between people by establishing the relations between words. A punctuation mark can change the whole meaning of a sentence.
💥 Punctuations are like the corsets which worn by ladies in the Victorian age.The modernists throw it away just like that some writers wrote their work without punctuations and a writer named e.e cummings first commit god to the lower case.
💥 In some nations especially in communist nations the capital letters are reserved for ministries, subcommittees etc because writing in the capital letters is considered as an order or shouting
💥The punctuations can adjust the tone, color and volume of a sentence. Example : “ You aren’t young are you? “. If the question mark loses the innocence in the sentence will also gone.
💥some times the punctuations simply becoming a matter of aesthetics. Sentence without punctuation is like a martial song. If there is no punctuation it will be like a jackboot rhythm (Marching song).
💥In the last paragraph the author says that the punctuation is a matter of care. Care of words. Only a lover notices the small things. The gaps and punctuation can change the entire meaning of a sentence. Example “Jane (whom I adore), Jane whom I adore, and Jane --- whom I adore have difference in its meaning.